<p>463 West Street is a 13-building complex located on the block between West Street, Washington Street, Bank Street, and Bethune Street in Manhattan, New York. It was originally the home of Bell Telephone Laboratories between 1898 and 1966. For a time, it was the largest industrial research center in the United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and further designated as a National Historic Landmark, as Bell Telephone Laboratories.</p><br>
<p>Many early technological inventions were developed here including automatic telephone panel and crossbar switches, the first experimental talking movies (1923), black-and-white and color TV, video telephones, radar, the vacuum tube, medical equipment, the development of the phonograph record and the first commercial broadcasts, including the first broadcast of a baseball game and the New York Philharmonic with Arturo Toscanini conducting. It also served as the headquarters for the company from 1925 to the early 1960s, after which the headquarters moved to Murray Hill, New Jersey.</p><br>
<p>The site was also the home for part of the Manhattan Project during World War II.</p><br>
<p>After two years of renovations by Richard Meier, the building was reopened in 1970 as Westbeth Artists Community for low- to middle-income artists. In addition to affordable artist housing, the complex contains a theatre, an art gallery, and a synagogue.</p><br>
<p>It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1975. The complex was listed a second time on the National Register in 2009, for its high-profile and successful example of adaptive reuse of the property.</p><br>
<p>The southern viaduct section of the West Side Line railroad passed underneath the building at first floor level. This segment remains in place but is now isolated from the rest of the former railroad viaduct, which is now the High Line elevated park.</p><br>
<p>The Seth Lore and Irwinton Historic District is a historic district in Eufaula, Barbour County, Alabama, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 as Lore Historic District; the registration document identified and described 72 specific buildings. And then its boundaries were increased and the district was renamed to "Seth Lore and Irwinton Historic District" in 1986; the entire area then contained 738 contributing buildings.</p><br>
<p>"The Seth Lore and Irwinton Historic District contains 942 properties (total adjusted to compensate for one double entry in the inventory) with six churches, including the states oldest High Gothic First Presbyterian Church building (Inv #190, 1869) the Central Business District, three school buildings, two cemeteries, and a number of residences and neighborhood-based businesses. Of the 942 properties 738 are of architectural or historical significance, and fall within the period of significance of the district. A small percentage of these contributing structures (21.8%) have reversible alterations—such as the application of aluminum siding—that should be removed. / Encompassing the 19th century nucleus of Eufaula, the district contains an especially heavy concentration of buildings erected during the five decades between 1870 and 1920. Within the boundaries lie the Central Business District (CBD) which is located east of Eufaula Avenue and stretches north to Church Place and south to Barbour Street. Contained herein is one of the states most coherent collections of intact, mld-to-late 19th century small-town commercial structures, including a relatively rare example of a small-town Second Empire building (Inv #313), and a fine mid-century cast iron-front bank building. Also represented within the CBD are some fine examples of Itallanate, Renaissance Revival, and other forms of more typical commercial architecture. Exemplified throughout the remaining portions of the district are some fine examples</p><br>
<p>of Greek Revival cottages, the state&#39;s most extensive collection of domestic Itallanate architecture Including several exceptional examples of symmetrical-type Itallanate Villas, Queen Annes, Folk Victorians, Neoclassical Revivals, French Second Empires, Craftsman/ Bungalow, and a number of vernacular types, most of which fall along the line of Folk National forms or two rooms with central chimney houses."</p><br>
<p>With over 700 historic and architecturally significant structures, the district includes Alabamas most coherent collection of intact mid-to-late 19th century small town commercial buildings, as well as the states most extensive collection of domestic Italianate architecture. The period of architectural, commercial, industrial and political significance is from 1825 to 1949. Architectural styles include Bungalow/Craftsman, Late Victorian, Classical Revival, Gothic Revival, and Greek Revival.</p><br>
<p>The original district comprised "about half of the old town of Irwinton which was first settled in 1823. Of the 72 structures in the district 59 date from the nineteenth century and 12 were built between 1900 and 1911."</p><br>
<p>Selected buildings and structures in the district include:</p><br>
<p>Lampley Building (1847), 206 E. Broad St. "Two story brick building, ornamental brackets, arched windows, ornamental iron grille ventilators."</p><br>
<p>Masonic Temple (1872), 227 E. Broad St. Italianate three-story building with flat roof with a central arch, extended eaves, and ornamental modillions.</p><br>
<p>Eufaula Carnegie Library (1904), 217 North Eufaula: "Two story red brick with pressed yellow brick trim, a hipped roof 6&#39; to 8’ overhanging caves, it has a wrought iron railing and lamp posts on either side of wide steps. Above entrance on second floor is a recessed balcony with four square columns, double glass doors with a leaded glass transom."</p><br>
<h2>Photo gallery</h2><br>
<p>The Kitchen, Montross & Wilcox Store at 85 Leonard Street between Broadway and Church Street in the TriBeCa neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City was built in 1861 in the Italianate style for a company which dealt in dry goods. The cast iron for the buildings facade came from James Bogarduss ironworks, one of the few surviving buildings for which that is the case. The building&#39;s columns are referred to as "sperm-candle style" from their resemblance to candles made from spermaceti.</p><br>
<p>The design combines classically-inspired elements with the non-classical emphasis on lightness,</p><br>
<p>openness, and verticality which characterizes cast-iron architecture.</p><br>
<p>The building was designated a New York City landmark in 1974, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980. It is located within the Tribeca East Historic District.</p><br>
<p>21 West Street, also known as Le Rivage Apartments, is a 33-story building located in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City, on Morris Street between West Street and Washington Street. It was built in 1929–1931 as a speculative office tower development in anticipation of an increased demand for office space in Lower Manhattan. The building was converted into apartments in 1997 and was renamed Le Rivage.</p><br>
<p>The building has an Art Deco design with many lavish architectural finishes and a series of setbacks which taper toward the top floors. It was designed by Starrett & van Vleck, who at the same time designed the adjacent Downtown Athletic Club. 21 West Street was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999 and designated a city landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1998.</p><br>
<h2>Site</h2><br>
<p>21 West Street is located near the southernmost point of Manhattan Island, closest to its western shore. The building faces West Street to the west, Morris Street to the north, and Washington Street and the Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel portal to the east. It is adjacent to the Downtown Athletic Club building at 18–20 West Street to the south, which also occupies the entire block between West and Washington Streets. The lot has a frontage of 75 ft on each of West and Washington Streets, and 179 ft on Morris Street, covering a total area of 13,500 ft2.</p><br>
<p>The building stands on filled land along the shore of the North River (an archaic name for the southernmost portion of the Hudson River). The surrounding neighborhood, the Financial District, was the first part of Manhattan to be developed as part of New Netherland and later New York City; its population growth led city officials to add land on Manhattan&#39;s shore by filling and land reclamation in the 18th and 19th centuries. As the North River shoreline was deeper and had a denser concentration of buildings than the East River shoreline on the east side of Manhattan Island, the land under 21 West Street was not filled until 1835, when debris from the Great Fire of New York was dumped there. The site of 21 West Street was first occupied by small landowners who built houses in the area. The surrounding neighborhood became a financial and shipping hub during the late 19th century; as the Financial District became more densely developed, the residential landowners moved uptown and their former lands were combined to build larger commercial buildings.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>21 West Street is 31 stories tall. It was designed in the Art Deco style by Starrett & van Vleck, who simultaneously designed the adjacent Downtown Athletic Club building in the same style. Architectural historian Anthony W. Robins described 21 West Street as "one of the area&#39;s handsome Art Deco towers".</p><br>
<h3>Form and facade</h3><br>
<p>As mandated by the 1916 Zoning Resolution, the design of 21 West Street features six setbacks. The setbacks are placed on the Washington Street elevation above the 10th and 16th floors; at the northwest and northeast corners above the 21st floor; and on all sides above the 26th, 29th, and 30th floors.</p><br>
<p>The facade of 21 West Street was designed with molded and oversized brick "to emphasize the structural lines and to enrich the texture of the materials". The polychrome design was influenced by Harvey Wiley Corbetts plan for the Master Apartments on the Upper West Side of Manhattan. At each setback and on the three lower levels, the parapets have various designs of molded brick to provide surface texture to the buildings exterior.</p><br>
<h4>Arcade</h4><br>
<p>The arches of the arcade are mostly laid in stepped brickwork. On the Morris Street elevation, the fifth bay from the east is a square marble-framed arch that leads to the main entrance. The spandrels above the arcade are textured in a chevron (V-shaped) design with tan and purple brick. There are numerous storefronts beneath the arcade, as well as the entrance to the building&#39;s lobby. The arcade, storefronts, and main entrance contain decorative metalwork painted in silver and gold tones, which extend into the interior. The metalwork was described by the National Park Service as "an unusual design feature". The piers and interior walls of the arcade are outfitted with bronze panels and lighting installations. The ceiling of the arcade has multicolored and patterned mosaics.</p><br>
<h4>Upper stories</h4><br>
<p>21 West Street contains a uniform fenestration pattern in contrast to the Downtown Athletic Club, which has several windowless floors. Below the setbacks on the 21st and 26th floors, the corners facing Morris Street are replaced with a single diagonal chamfered bay.</p><br>
<p>The corners of the building were outfitted with windows wrapping around the edge at a 90-degree angle. Prior to the construction of 21 West Street, corner windows had only been used on residential structures. After 21 West Street was built, corner windows were used on several buildings in the Central Park West Historic District and in several Bronx apartment buildings.</p><br>
<h3>Features</h3><br>
<p>Having constructed 21 West Street as a speculative development in anticipation of growing demand for office space in lower Manhattan, the building&#39;s developers aimed to attract potential tenants through the unique design of the structure. When built, 21 West Street included high-speed elevators and other innovations "to contribute to the comfort and convenience of its tenants". There are bronze lighting installations near the elevator banks, decorated with waves and shell motifs.</p><br>
<p>Since its conversion to an apartment building, the interior of 21 West Street has included a terrace on the 34th floor, a play area for children, and a fitness room. The rooms were created from former office spaces; for instance, the play area was previously a locker room.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The construction of 21 West Street occurred when the Financial District was being expanded as a commercial area. The construction of the Interborough Rapid Transit Companys elevated railroad lines, and later the New York City Subway, had spurred the relocation of the areas residential population uptown in the late 19th and early 20th centuries; the tenements that developed at the edges of the Financial District were being demolished and replaced with office buildings.</p><br>
<p>The building was owned by the 21 West Street Corporation, which had close ties with the maritime industry along the Hudson River.</p><br>
<p>In 1997, the residential development and management firm, Rose Associates, announced plans to convert 21 West Street into a 293-unit apartment building called Le Rivage. It was to be the firms first project in 10 years and its first Manhattan project below 8th Street. The building was designated a city landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1998, and was listed on the National Park Services National Register of Historic Places the following year, at which time it was recorded in the register that 21 West Street had been "abandoned for over a decade". When the building was damaged in Hurricane Sandy in 2012, residents&#39; rents were temporarily lowered. The residential units in 21 West Street were partially renovated in 2014.</p><br>
<p>83 and 85 Sullivan Street are on Sullivan Street between Broome Street and Spring Street in Manhattan, New York. They are the two surviving Federal style rowhouses on this location, which was at one point part of the Bayard farm.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The two houses were built in 1819. They were designated as landmarks by the Landmarks Preservation Commission on May 15, 1973.</p><br>
<p>203 Prince Street is an historic townhouse on Prince Street between MacDougal and Sullivan Streets in the SoHo neighborhood of Lower Manhattan, New York City, United States. Built in 1834 with stories on land that was once part of the estate of Aaron Burr, the house acquired an additional full story in 1888. Primarily constructed in the late Federal style, the building also has elements of the Greek Revival style.</p><br>
<p>The house was designated a New York City landmark in 1974, and was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Georgetown Steam Plant, located in the Georgetown neighborhood of Seattle, Washington, was constructed in 1906 for the Seattle Electric Company to provide power for Seattle, notably for streetcars.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The plant was originally built by Stone and Webster in 1906. One of the first reinforced concrete structures on the USA West Coast, it originally provided power for the Interurban Railway between Seattle and Tacoma; it also provided both direct current for Seattle&#39;s streetcars and alternating current for Georgetown, then an independent city. They purchased General Electric steam turbine technology, based on patents originally held by inventor Charles Gordon Curtis. At the time, this was cutting edge technology, and the Georgetown Steam Plant "marks the beginning of the end of the reciprocating steam engine" as the dominant mode of generating electricity on a large scale.</p><br>
<p>Originally located along an oxbow of the Duwamish River to provide cooling water, the plant was left inland after the original river channel was straightened in 1917. Retired after nearly 75 years of operation, it remains "surprisingly complete and operable". The plant has three Curtis turbines, manufactured by the General Electric Company between 1906 and 1917.</p><br>
<p>Puget Sound Traction and Lighting Company (now Puget Sound Energy) bought the Seattle Electric Company in 1912; the Georgetown Steam Plant powered the Seattle-to-Tacoma Interurban and Seattle streetcars; it also provided residential and industrial power to Georgetown. Originally an oil-fired plant, it converted to a coal in 1917. As hydropower was developed in the 1910s and 1920s the steam plant became uncompetitive and only used for emergencies. It last produced electricity in January 1953 when water levels at the dams were low. Decommissioning took place in 1972.</p><br>
<h2>Landmark and museum</h2><br>
<p>The building was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1984, The building itself, "built by a fast-track construction process, was designed and supervised by Frank W. Gilbreth, later a nationally famous proponent of efficiency engineering." The building is also a Seattle City Landmark and is on the Washington State Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>In 1987, the plant was the site of the last performance of the rock band Big Black.</p><br>
<p>Paul Carosino and Lilly Tellefson founded the Georgetown PowerPlant Museum in 1995 to restore, maintain and operate the plant. However, the next year Carosino died of a heart attack at the age of 48, leaving Tellefson to run it without him. In this era, programs were established to use the facility to teach boiler firemen and steam engineers.</p><br>
<p>The plant remains owned by Seattle City Light, the city&#39;s public electric utility. Since 2014 it has opened to the general public once a month, from 10am to 2pm on the second Saturday of each month.</p><br>
<p>The plant houses the last operable examples of early vertical Curtis steam generating turbines, as well as operational reciprocating steam engines, a collection of vintage machining tools, and several smaller steam engines.</p><br>
<p>On July 12, 2021, the City of Seattle passed an ordinance authorizing City Light to execute a long-term lease and operating agreement with the Georgetown Steam Plant Community Development Authority (GSPCDA). The new authority has a mandate to steward the plant, to add amenities, and to establish public programming "for the purposes of historical interpretation as well as education in the areas of science, technology, education, arts, math, and related events."</p><br>
<p>Grace Episcopal Church is a historic church in Clayton, Alabama, United States. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on September 22, 1995.</p><br>
<p>This church had its origins in a mission station established by the Reverend J. L. Gay in 1844.</p><br>
<p>On May 10, 1872, the mission was formally accepted in the Diocese of Alabama as Grace Church. Construction of a church building began in 1875 on a lot owned by General Henry DeLamar Clayton and his wife Victoria. The Gothic Revival style building was completed on February 26, 1876 at which time the lot was deeded by the Claytons to the Protestant Episcopal Church of the State of Alabama. Bishop Richard J. Wilmer formally consecrated the church on November 14, 1876.</p><br>
<p>The mission and church were served by Thomas J. Bland, DeBerniere Waddell, and E. W. Spalding as well as other clergy.</p><br>
<p>The Rosenberg Brothers Department Store building is located in downtown Albany, Georgia, USA. The three-story brick structure was built in 1924 in an Italianate/Neo-Renaissance Classical Revival style by J.C. Hind and J. T. Murphy.</p><br>
<p>Jacob Rosenberg was a Jewish merchant who leased a store at this prominent corner lot in 1896. The site was owned by the Tift family, who founded Albany. Rosenberg had a new department store building constructed on the site in 1923 in a Second Renaissance Revival architecture style. It continued in business until 1978 when a second Rosenberg&#39;s location opened within the, then new, Albany Mall in 1976. Gray Communications bought and renovated the building in 1985 for $850,000 (~$ in ) to house the Albany Herald.</p><br>
<p>The building, and several nearby buildings, were sold to the city of Albany for $850,000. The Herald, which occupied the building for more than three decades, moved out in December 2019.</p><br>
<p>The Deerwood Auditorium is a community center in Deerwood, Minnesota, United States. It was built as a New Deal project from 1935 to 1937. In 1995 the auditorium was listed on the National Register of Historic Places for its local significance in the themes of architecture, politics/government, and social history. It was nominated for being an exemplary multipurpose municipal building funded by the New Deal, as well as Minnesota&#39;s largest project by the State Emergency Relief Administration, and a longstanding venue for community events.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Deerwood Auditorium is a large, rectangular, two-story building. It features reinforced concrete walls faced with split fieldstone and Moderne-style cast stone trim. A medium-pitch gable roof completes the building. The facility became home to Deerwood&#39;s city council, public library, fire equipment, and later the police department. A gymnasium with a stage on the north end doubles as an auditorium. The second floor contains a balcony on either side of the auditorium, while the first floor also houses a kitchen and locker rooms. These spaces allowed the building to be used for a variety of purposes. Sporting events, community meetings, plays, and banquets have all been held in the building. Other events have included lectures, company meetings, exhibits, fraternal gatherings, and graduations.</p><br>
<h2>Origin</h2><br>
<p>Village officials had been discussing building a community hall in 1933, but during the Great Depression, the town was strapped for cash. Beriah Magoffin Jr., a local resident, secured an option on a lot occupied by the Hilyar Oil Station. He donated it to the village for the auditorium. He had also bought a building from the Evergreen Mining Company located at the Meacham Mine. The structure could be dismantled and its materials used for a new building.</p><br>
<p>There was however still a need for funds to actually build the structure. Fortunately President Franklin D. Roosevelt had launched federal programs to build lasting infrastructure improvements while providing employment and economic relief. In a special session on October 9, 1934, the Deerfield Village Council met with Fred Pfeifer, the supervising architect of the State Emergency Relief Administration (SERA), to discuss the construction of the building.</p><br>
<p>The auditorium was designed by Carl H. Buetow, who had worked for a while under Clarence H. Johnston, Sr., a notable civic architect in Minnesota. Many local materials were used in an effort to save on costs. In particular, local men collected nearly 800 tons of fieldstone for the facing of the building. Some material, such as brick, was salvaged from the old Meacham Mine building.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>Deerwood&#39;s community hall project was built by local funds and relief labor at a cost of $43,000. In early March 1935 a crew of 25 men began hauling the stone to the site. By mid-month about one-third of the rock had been transported. Most of it was gathered from the Cuyuna Country Club golf grounds. By early April excavation for the basement and trenches for the foundation footings had begun.</p><br>
<p>On August 2, 1935, construction was stopped with only a portion of the walls completed. The work programs of SERA had been cancelled and transferred to the Works Progress Administration (WPA). However, all current SERA projects had to be resubmitted to the WPA for approval before work could resume. In late August, Victor Christgau, the state WPA administrator, announced that the project had been approved, and work continued.</p><br>
<p>However, in August 1936 it was announced that work on the auditorium would cease because funds had been depleted. It was necessary to wait for a new appropriation. The workers were assigned to other WPA projects, but five stayed on to complete the auditoriums roof. By early September the walls were complete. It was hoped that interior work would be finished by November for the towns annual lutefisk dinner.</p><br>
<p>Additional funds for the building were approved by the WPA in early October 1936. Work on the building resumed with a full crew. When the lutefisk dinner was held in late October, attendance was estimated at 1,000. The Deerwood Enterprise noted that "The new municipal auditorium thus received its initiation as a community center for Deerwood activities." By February 1, 1937, the village council was meeting in the new building.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Deerwood Auditorium is a prime example of a modern municipal facility made possible by the relief programs of the New Deal. It provided local residents with an auditorium and gymnasium space, council chambers, a library, and a fire hall. The building expanded the range of services available to the residents of Deerwood and enhanced their quality of life.</p><br>
<p>The exterior of the auditorium was renovated in 2010 to preserve its historic appearance. As of the early 21st century it remains the town&#39;s most prominent building.</p><br>
<p>The William H. Copeland House is a home located in the Chicago suburb of Oak Park, Illinois, United States. In 1909 the home underwent a remodeling designed by famous American architect Frank Lloyd Wright. The original Italianate home was built in the 1870s. Dr. William H. Copeland commissioned Wright for the remodel and Wright&#39;s original vision of the project proposed a three-story Prairie house. That version was rejected and the result was the more subdued, less severely Prairie, William H. Copeland House. On the exterior the most significant alteration by Wright was the addition of a low-pitched hip roof. The house has been listed as a contributing property to a USA Registered Historic District since 1973.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The William Copeland House was first constructed around 1873 for William H. Harman. The large, Italianate home represented a microcosm of the general character of homes in Oak Park before Wright began designing buildings. Homes of this style, "classically tinged" and "robust," dotted the landscape of small towns across the United States. It was the second commission for Wright from Copeland; in 1908 the architect had designed a garage for Copeland at the residence.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Copeland House was designed around 1873 by an unknown architect and cast in the Italianate style. Wrights 1909 remodel work included exterior and interior alterations. A new tile roof was added above the decorative brick work; the roof was removed in the 1950s because of its maintenance expenses. The work fused Wrights Prairie style with the traditional Italiante style through the buildings exterior lines. The new low-pitched hip roof that Wright designed, along with the wrap-around porch and overhanging eaves are all elements found in the Copeland House which can be found on other Prairie style homes Wright designed. The remodeling work also replaced the original doors with doors, frame, sidelights and a transom window all of Wrights own design.</p><br>
<p>Wright&#39;s original plan called for the Copeland House to be remodeled into a three-story Prairie house but that plan was rejected. The result was that the Wright-designed remodel was not as ambitious as it had been planned to be originally. Of the exterior work Wright designed, the new roof was the most substantial. In addition to the expansive exterior work Wright remodeled the main rooms on the ground floor to adhere to his Prairie style. Also inside he designed the dining room sideboard, table and chairs.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Copeland House is an example of Wrights remodeling design work. It is listed as a contributing property to the Frank Lloyd Wright-Prairie School of Architecture Historic District. The historic district joined the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1973. Wright also added a large brick fireplace to the library. However, as evidenced by the sagging cantilevers at Fallingwater and the sagging second floor of the Heurtley House, Wrights use of available materials occasionally exceeded their structural capacity: the mantle of the fireplace is a large stone that cracked under the weight of the bricks, as did steps in the front stairway. The center wall of the coach house also sank due to inadequacy of the center foundation.</p><br>
<p>The Notre Dame Academy and Convent is located at 3501 State Street in the Florence neighborhood on the north end of Omaha, Nebraska. It is significant for its ethnic association with the Czech population in Nebraska as the only school and convent of the Czechoslovakian School Sisters de Notre Dame  in the United States. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998. The groups were home to a high school for girls from 1925 through 1974.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The 1880s and 90s saw nearly 100,000 Czechs leave the regions of Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia and Slovakia and emigrate to the United States. Once in the United States the immigrants tended to establish Czech-only neighborhoods and towns that were almost self-sufficient, with Czech-language shops, banks, churches and schools. The Czechoslovakian School Sisters of Notre Dame came to the United States to sustain Czech immigrants by teaching the Czech language and culture.</p><br>
<p>The order purchased Seven Oaks Farm, Father Edward J. Flanagan&#39;s original site for Boys Town. Afterwards, Sisters were regular staff at Boys Town.</p><br>
<h3>Design</h3><br>
<p>Influenced by the 1898 Trans-Mississippi Exposition, Omaha architects Matthew Lahr and Carl Stangel designed the E-shaped convent and school in 1924. It was constructed in phases over the next twenty-six years, all complying with the original design. It was designed in the late Italian Renaissance Revival style.</p><br>
<h3>School</h3><br>
<p>Notre Dame Academy was sponsored and staffed by the Notre Dame Sisters from 1926 through its merger with Rummel High School to form the present Roncalli Catholic High School in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Present</h2><br>
<p>In 1997 the Sisters of Notre Dame changed the usage of the property, re-opening it as "Seven Oaks of Florence". The facility provides low-income housing for seniors subsidized by the USA Department of Housing and Urban Development.</p><br>
<p>The John Tears Inn is located along Goshen Turnpike between the hamlets of Circleville and Scotchtown in the Orange County, New York, town of Wallkill. It was built approximately 1790 and provided a stopover for travelers on the Goshen Turnpike due to its location midway between Bloomingburg and Goshen.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Tears, the son of an early German settler of the region, bought the inn property in 1793 from a New York merchant named John Taylor. The deed mentions a house and outbuilding already on the land.</p><br>
<p>He continued to add to the property, eventually building it up to its present size of 20 acre. In 1824 his father died, and Tears got a tavern license and likely built the Federal style addition on the house at that time. A finely crafted Adam style entrance, wood molding and faux marble fireplaces indicate that the inn was doing rather well. Many of the structures later built for the farm are still standing on the property</p><br>
<p>Upon Tears death in 1840, he left the inn to his sons Charles and Andrew with the stipulation that his wife be granted tenancy for life and she receive an ample firewood supply. Charles sold his interest in the property to a John McWilliams in 1844, and the latter family took the business over completely when Andrew died six years later. McWilliams widow in turn sold the building to Clarkson Bird in 1894, beginning a succession of owners that ended in 1936 with the Trimmer family leasing the land. They would buy it outright in 1950. Today Leona Trimmer lives in the house and runs an antique store in the barn.</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997 and is currently the only property in the town so listed. In 2006 the property was threatened when a developer proposed to use an abandoned town road through part of the land in order to reach a proposed housing development, but so far that has not come to pass.</p><br>
<p>The Starks Building is a landmark 14-story building on Fourth Street and Muhammad Ali Boulevard in Downtown Louisville, Kentucky, USA. It was built in 1913 on a site that had been the First Christian Church of Louisville. It was commissioned by local businessman John Starks Rodes and designed by the Daniel Burnham firm of Chicago. It is 202 ft tall .</p><br>
<p>The Starks Building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>It was built in the Chicago School of architecture with Beaux Arts details. Cream-colored bricks are one of its signature features. It is decorated with classical motifs, including acanthus leaves, lion&#39;s heads and urns. It was originally a U-shaped structure, but a 1926 addition designed by the firm Graham, Anderson, Probst & White added a new wing to create a rectangular shape with a central sunlight well. At the bottom of the central atrium was a courtyard, and until 1984 it was covered with a Plexiglas skylight.</p><br>
<p>In 1953, the building was renovated to add a parking garage - the first in the city - to the building. The 700+ space garage was built on an adjoining lot and fronts Third Street. The Starks Building is mixed use, with retail, dining and office space. When it was sold in 1997 the building included about 350,000 ft&sup2; of leasable space. In the 1990s and 2000s the owners had trouble finding tenants, with over half of the space vacant in 2006.</p><br>
<p>Notable long-time tenants include the Colonnade Cafeteria, Seng Jewelers and Rodes Mens and Womens Clothing. Current tenants include the Business First of Louisville news publication, FoodCare, a startup that relocated its headquarters to Louisville from San Francisco in April 2012, and Mediaura, a highly successful digital agency. Colonnade Cafeteria moved into the Starks Building basement in 1926 and remained until 2006. Rodes Clothing, founded by the building&#39;s financier John Starks Rodes himself, was located in the building from 1914 until the company relocated to the suburbs in 2004.</p><br>
<p>It was owned by the Starks family until the mid-1980s when it was sold to an investment group, which resold the building in 1997 to Empire State Collateral. Empire State defaulted on the mortgage and ownership was taken over by Allstate in 2004. It was listed as the 11th largest office complex in Louisville in 2004 by the newspaper Business First.</p><br>
<p>The building was sold again in 2006 to the. Since the purchase in 2006, occupancy has risen to 71 percent, as of May 2010, Hertz Investment Group said. The Starks building signed a number of new tenants during 2009, including an 11,500 ft&sup2; Eddie Merlots restaurant, part of a Fort Wayne, Ind.-based upscale steakhouse chain. With Eddie Merlots, all the Starks street-level space has been leased.</p><br>
<p>It is connected by a skyway to Fourth Street Live!, an entertainment mall adjacent on the North side. On July 2, 2007, the Cordish Company, developers of Fourth Street Live!, announced that it would expand the mall southward by leasing the first floor (street-level) of the Starks Building. The Baltimore-based developer has since abandoned plans to develop 20,000 ft&sup2; of vacant street-level space in the Starks Building.</p><br>
<p>Thaw Hall is a historic academic building on the campus of the University of Pittsburgh that is a contributing property to the Schenley Farms National Historic District and has been named a Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation Historic Landmark. The five-story building of stone, brick, and terra cotta was completed in 1910 in the Neoclassical Beaux-Arts style by architect Henry Hornbostel and today serves as space for a variety of academic classrooms, labs, offices, and centers. It is located between, and connected to, the universitys Old Engineering Hall and Space Research Coordination Center  along OHara Street in the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh.</p><br>
<h2>History and use</h2><br>
<p>The design for Thaw Hall came from Henry Hornbostels winning submission, termed the "Acropolis Plan", for a 1907 national competition to design a new campus for the University of Pittsburgh which was moving from its Observatory Hill campus to its current location in the Oakland section of Pittsburgh. Hornbostels plan was begun in 1908 with the construction of the now demolished School of Mines, later renamed State Hall. State Halls construction was closely followed by the laying of the cornerstone for what was originally termed the Engineering Building in 1909. Construction on the Engineering Building was completed in 1910, and its dedication took place on June 15 of that year, at which time it was renamed in honor of Pitt trustee and benefactor Benjamin Thaw Sr., who donated a substantial amount toward the buildings construction. Only a few other buildings in the Acropolis Plan design were constructed, including the original Pennsylvania Hall in 1911 as well as the Mineral Industries Building in 1912. However, Thaw Hall is the only surviving building of Hornbostels original concept, as well as the oldest building on Pitts Oakland campus that was originally constructed for academic purposes.</p><br>
<p>Originally home to Pitts School of Engineering, it is now the secondary home to its Department of Physics and Astronomy, and the location of the Physics departments Resource Room, a student help center. Several other departments, including Asian Languages, Chemistry, and Archaeology, have offices, classrooms, and labs in various locations throughout the building. It additionally is the home of the Architectural Studies Program&#39;s "architecture lab" which, following its dedication in the spring of 2007, serves as a dedicated design studio space that accommodates a two-semester architectural studio sequence that facilitates intensive instruction from practicing architects in the fundamentals of spatial thinking, graphic representation techniques, and model building. The Office of Experiential Learning, Freshman Programs, and the Writing Center were all previously located in this building.</p><br>
<p>Renovations, upgrades, and improvements for Thaw Hall, Old Engineering Hall, and Allen Hall have been announced and are preliminarily targeted in to be in excess of $58.6 million according to the university&#39;s 12-year facilities master plan.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural elements</h2><br>
<p>According to architectural historian Christopher Drew Armstrong, the five-story stone, brick, and terra cotta building contains motifs from classical elements that are "specifically derived from Greek models...but not constrained by them" and that are "derived from the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris, where Hornbostel trained." Thaw Hall was intended as a gatepost or supporting building in the never realized "Acropolis Plan" for Pitts campus, and was designed to work with additional proposed, but never realized, buildings. This is evidenced by the west end of the building that went unfinished with the expectation that construction would continue along in that direction, but was only subsequently connected to the universitys newer engineering facility (now termed "Old Engineering Hall") in 1955. According to Armstrong, Hornbostel used a balcony-like element to set back the upper part of the building so the lower levels could act as a podium in order to "give a horizontal continuity to a chain of buildings that were planned". General motifs repeated in Thaw Halls facade include recessed bricks within larger brick columns, as well as deeply recessed windows that are trimmed by decorative brick patterns that vary by floor. The details of the building include ornamental elements reflective of classical design including Doric columns as well as cornice and pediment containing repeating classical terra cotta decorative patterns incorporating waves, palmettes, or leaves, as well as granite rosettes and Greek Key motifs. The words "School of Engineering” is sculpted into the O’Hara Street side of the building above two unfinished stone elements that may have been intended to be sculpted into portraits had the Hornbostel campus plan been fully executed. Armstrong contends that Thaw Halls worth as a historic building is demonstrated in Hornbostel&#39;s intentional manipulation of effects of light and shadow by the application of varying amounts of relief to the ornamentation in order to create alternate dark and light patterns that are still observable from a distance, while abating the effect as the viewer looks at the lower parts of the building.</p><br>
<p>The building has several odd architectural elements. Due to an odd numbering decision, there is a sub-basement, a basement and a mezzanine, in ascending order, all of which are above ground, the later two having windowed rooms, with the first floor roughly level with Old Engineering Halls second floor. There is a back corridor on the Mezzanine level (2 stories above ground level), currently housing the architecture lab, which can only be accessed by elevator or by walking through one of the classrooms (Thaw 11), passing directly in front of the blackboard at the lecturers level. The Basement level has only a single entrance, located in a recessed door on the stairs leading from the Mezzanine level into SRCC; a single exit, a glass vestibule leading into the OEH vehicle turnaround; and an elevator door located inside an office space, which is locked off to external access. The basement level currently houses the Pittsburgh Quantum Institute, a multidisciplinary research institute that focuses on quantum sciences and engineering in the Pittsburgh region.</p><br>
<h2>Space Research Coordination Center</h2><br>
<p>The Space Research Coordination Center (SRCC), sometimes referred to as the Space Research Coordinating Center, was completed in 1965 from funding obtained from a $1.5 million NASA grant for studies in the natural sciences, social sciences, engineering, and health areas concerned with the aerospace field. The SRCC was constructed as an annex connected to the eastern side of Thaw Hall. The addition includes a common entrance on O’Hara Street for both the SRCC and Thaw Hall that obscured the original Thaw Hall entrance which contained two large Doric columns, ornamentation, and wrought-iron gates. Because of this, a ground level side-door accessible via the basement of Old Engineering Hall is the only direct exterior access to Thaw Hall, with all other access via internal connections from Old Engineering Hall or SRCC. The third floor of the SRCC is connected to the Mezzanine floor (of the basement level which is the second floor above ground level) of Thaw Hall at Thaw Halls original entrance. The design of SRCC in mimics Thaw Hall in the color of the brick and the motif of recessed bricks in the middle of larger brick columns, but contains a flat roof and is absent of ornamentation. Today, the SRCC houses the universitys Department of Geology and Planetary Science as well as offices from other departments including the Department of Physics & Astronomy.</p><br>
<p>The Minne Lusa Residential Historic District is located in North Omaha, Nebraska. It is included on the National Register of Historic Places. According to the National Park Service, it is an "example of a substantial, affordable single-family residential development within the city limits that was platted, developed and constructed by a single firm between 1915 and 1941." The neighborhood is filled with bungalows, Craftsman, and other styles that were popular in the era. There are 540 properties in the neighborhood that contribute to the historic district, the other 167 do not. Minne Lusa Boulevard is a contributing structure.</p><br>
<p>The district&#39;s boundaries are Vane Street on the north and Redick Avenue on the south; North 24th Street on the east and North 30th Street on the west. It is located just north of the Miller Park neighborhood, and just south of Florence and includes all of the area originally known as the Minne Lusa Addition.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>According to the Omaha Public Library, "Minne Lusa" comes from a Native American word of unknown origins that means "clear water". The Minne Lusa Pumping Station was built at the Florence Water Works north of the area in 1899. Presumably the neighborhood, established 17 years later, took its name from that.</p><br>
<p>The Minne Lusa neighborhood was first platted by Charles Martin in 1916, and by 1923 was a completed development. Southeast of the newly annexed community of Florence, Minne Lusa was touted as the "largest addition ever platted in Omaha." It included 800 lots on 33 blocks. Lot prices ranged from $450 to $1,000. Minne Lusa Boulevard bisected the subdivision and meandered north from Miller Park. Most homes reflected craftsman bungalow and period revival architectural styles. In general, larger homes were constructed on lots fronting Minne Lusa Boulevard while more modest homes were constructed along cross streets.</p><br>
<p>One of the primary designers of the development was Everett S. Dodds, a prominent Omaha architect.</p><br>
<p>Minne Lusa grew at about the same time that automobiles were becoming affordable in the middle class. Nearly every original home in the neighborhood was built with a garage or had one added soon after. The first steel-frame house in the area, on Iowa Street just north of the district, was built by Henry Neef. That house, the Henry B. Neef House, was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places in September 2010.</p><br>
<h2>Notable buildings not contributing</h2><br>
<p>Several buildings are located within the geographic boundaries of the district but not considered as contributing to the historic district due to their significant alterations. The original Minne Lusa School was opened as Fort School in 1916. It was moved and rebuilt, opening in 1924 in its current location. The school was updated in 1955, and completed another renovation in 1997.</p><br>
<p>Another local landmark called the Viking Ship is, according to a local neighborhood group, "a building of distinctive architecture at the corner of Minne Lusa Boulevard and Redick Avenue... been known at different times as the Prettiest Mile Club, Hayden House, and the Birchwood Club." It is said to be the oldest building in the neighborhood. The Hayden House eventually took turns moving from the Viking Ship to Eppley Airfield, and was to the Union Station in downtown Omaha. Today it is a fully restored art deco icon that sits in the Durham Western Heritage Museum.</p><br>
<p>The area is home to the former Minne Lusa Theater, a one-screen neighborhood movie house that opened in the mid-1930s along North 30th Street. It seated 400. The theater closed sometime in the mid 50s.</p><br>
<h3>Minne Lusa Water Works</h3><br>
<p>The Metropolitan Utilities District operates a huge system at the Florence Water Works to filter Missouri River water. The Minne Lusa Pumping Station, demolished by the city in the 1960s, was a massive building of Warrensburg sandstone with a central tower rising four stories over an arched entrance. Designed by Omaha architects, it was built in 1889 in a classical style reflecting the influence of the 1898 Trans-Mississippi Exposition. This building contained the high service pump and boilers, and sent the filtered water to city water mains for the entire city of Omaha.</p><br>
<h2>Crime</h2><br>
<p>In July 2015, a reporter for the Omaha World Herald identified the area containing Miller Park as "a thoroughfare for gun violence" after a 12-year-old boy was involved in a deadly shooting there.</p><br>
<p>In February of that year, police officer Kerrie Orozco, an active community member and volunteer who coached softball in the Minne Lusa/Miller Park neighborhood, had also been shot and killed during a gun fight with "a convicted felon and known gang member" at an intersection 2 blocks west of Minne Lusa blvd.</p><br>
<p>In 2017, the Miller Park/Minne Lusa area was ranked as having the second highest rate of homicides and other violent crimes out of 81 Omaha neighborhoods. Examples include a shooting at the corner of Minne Lusa and Vane that July, and a gunfight that took place in front of the elementary school.</p><br>
<p>In August 2020, residents reported to WOWT-6 News that multiple vehicles had windows shot out. However, "people who live in Minne Lusa say for the most part their neighborhood is a safe and quiet one," and the Omaha Police Department stated that they had not seen a trend of increased vandalism in the area.</p><br>
<p>Another shooting occurred on August 19, 2021, on the far side of the neighborhood&#39;s Miller Park, in which car windows were shot out "near an Omaha public school." Two occupants of the vehicle were injured.</p><br>
<p>In July 2023, a father was gunned down in front of his children next door to Minne Lusa elementary during a gun fight in which more than 25 rounds were fired. Several rounds entered the bedroom where several children from a nearby home were watching the fight through a window.</p><br>
<p>The Oscar B. Balch House is a home located in the Chicago suburb of Oak Park, Illinois, United States. The Prairie style Balch House was designed by famous architect Frank Lloyd Wright in 1911. The home was the first house Wright designed after returning from a trip to Europe with a clients wife. The subsequent social exile cost the architect friends, clients, and his family. The house is one of the first Wright houses to employ a flat roof which gives the home a horizontal linearity. Historian Thomas OGorman noted that the home may provide a glimpse into the subconscious mind of Wright. The Balch house is listed as a contributing property to a USA federally Registered Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Oscar Balch House was one of the first homes designed by architect Frank Lloyd Wright upon his return from an extended trip to Europe, during which he designed no houses. Wright had traveled to Europe with Mamah Borthwick, a client’s wife. This flouting of public morality lost him friends, clients and his family. Amongst those who by contrast stood by Wright was the interior decorator Oscar Balch. Balch was one of two partners in the decorating firm Pebbles & Balch. In 1907, Wright created a building redesign for Balch&#39;s storefront on Lake Street in Oak Park; the building was later razed.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Balch House is one of Wrights first flat-roofed houses and its proportions are taller compared with later flat-roofed homes he designed. Wright brought new drama to his Prairie style with the addition of the flat roof. The expansive roof further refined the simplicity of Wrights Prairie style house. The house has broad, overhanging eaves, common to Prairie houses and in the case of the Balch House they further emphasize the Prairie theme. The exterior is sheathed in stucco which provides a sculpting effect on the exterior. The original color of the stucco on the exterior is unknown but photographs show that the house has undergone color changes.</p><br>
<p>The design of the house is symbolic in its heightened terrace walls, the security walls and its hidden and obscured entryway. The house clearly shows the signs of someone who feels trapped or "under siege."</p><br>
<p>The first floor plan is similar to the Edwin H. Cheney House; both have a three part first floor layout that includes a library, a dining room and a living room. The interior spaces are separated by "low decks set at the window heads." In the living room the house is anchored by a Roman brick fireplace at its center and there are libraries on either side of two small setback pavilions. These features help the building&#39;s interior flow and symmetry. Copious use of glass brings natural light into the interior.</p><br>
<p>As of 2021, the owner of the home was working with Tom Bassett-Dilley Architects (TBDA) to complete renovations in order to reduce its carbon footprint to net zero. The retrofit is expected to be completed by 2025.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Oscar Balch House represents Frank Lloyd Wrights defiant return to the streets of Oak Park and to architecture after his absence and concurrent trip to Europe with Mamah Borthwick Cheney. The house was called "forged of Wrights personal courage and cheeky moral humbridge" by historian Thomas OGorman. OGorman concluded it was possible that the Balch House provides a rare glimpse into the subconscious mind of Frank Lloyd Wright. The Balch House is an example of Frank Lloyd Wright&#39;s fully mature Prairie style. Its flat roof and horizontal linearity are a continuation of the ideas Wright began to manifest in the Mrs. Thomas H. Gale House in 1909.</p><br>
<p>The Oscar B. Balch House is listed as a contributing property to the Frank Lloyd Wright-Prairie School of Architecture Historic District. The historic district was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on December 4, 1973. The Balch House stands across the street from the home where Ernest Hemingway spent his boyhood years.</p><br>
<p>Bellefield Hall is a Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation Historic Landmark and is a contributing property to the Schenley Farms Historic District on the campus of the University of Pittsburgh across Bellefield Avenue from Heinz Memorial Chapel and the lawn of the universitys Cathedral of Learning in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. A 1924 Italianate structure by architect Benno Janssen, it originally served as a Young Mens and Womens Hebrew Association, but now houses rehearsal spaces, classrooms, offices, and a Digital Recording Studio for the University of Pittsburghs Department of Music, as well as a university gymnasium, fitness center, indoor swimming pool, and a 676-seat auditorium.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Bellefield Hall, constructed in 1924, was designed by architect Benno Janssen by combining the facades of the Italianate Palzzo Piccolomini delle Papesse in Siena with the 18th-century Lee House at Stratford in Virginia for the Flemish-bond brick finish and the high basement. Samuel Yellin was contracted to create the lanterns for the main entrance. Bellefield Hall was originally home to the Young Mens and Womens Hebrew Association (Y.M.&W.H.A.), whose patrons included Edgar Kauffman and his family, opened in 1926. Originally, the high profile of its attic hid a flat expanse of roof where Y.M.&W.H.A. patrons could sunbathe in total privacy. It also featured full sports facilities, meeting rooms, and a historic concert hall featuring Spanish stalactite ceiling and Jacobean wall moldings in which a host of musicians (including Arthur Rubinstein, Isaac Stern, and Jean-Pierre Rampal) made their Pittsburgh debuts.</p><br>
<p>The building was obtained by the University of Pittsburgh in a lease-purchase agreement in 1984 and reverted to full university ownership ten years later. Today, Bellefield Hall is a 110,000 ft&sup2; facility that is home to a variety of university offices and services. For the universitys Department of Music, it houses rehearsal spaces, classrooms, graduate student offices, and the William R. Robinson Digital Recording Studio. A recently renovated 676-seat auditorium holds many of the Department of Musics recitals and concerts. Bellefield Hall also houses a sports gym, fitness center, and indoor swimming pool. The second floor fitness center was renovated and expanded in 2005. A classroom specifically designed for African-drumming music was constructed in 2008. Bellefield Hall is also home to the Collegiate YMCA at the University of Pittsburgh.</p><br>
<h2>Events</h2><br>
<p>Bellefield Hall has hosted a number of notable events throughout its history, including concerts by the aforementioned musicians. In addition, on April 3, 2008, Republican presidential candidate Congressman Ron Paul was invited to speak at the University of Pittsburgh. He was the first 2008 presidential candidate to speak on Pitt campus (the second being Barack Obama) during the 2007–2008 academic year and the only Republican candidate to do so.</p><br>
<p>The Robert A. Thompson House is located along NY 302 in the Thompson Ridge section of the Orange County, New York, town of Crawford. It was built in 1822 in the Federal style. One of the stones in the northwest cable bears his initials and that date. His descendants established the Dutch-Belt dairy farm, which still operates.</p><br>
<p>Note: This includes</p><br>
<p>The home was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>The Andrew Thompson Farmstead is one of three Registered Historic Places associated with the eponymous family along NY 302 in Thompson Ridge, an unincorporated section of the Town of Crawford in Orange County, New York.</p><br>
<p>It was built around 1810 in a combination of two popular styles in early America: Greek Revival and the Federal style. It remains largely intact. Note: This includes</p><br>
<p>It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>The Hopewell Presbyterian Church is a historic Presbyterian church located at the junction of Thompson Ridge Road  and NY 302 in the Thompson Ridge section of the Town of Crawford in Orange County, New York.</p><br>
<p>Note: This includes</p><br>
<p>The church itself was established in 1778, in a stone building 1.5 miles (2.4 km) west of the present site. It moved to the current building, a stone Gothic revival building, in 1831. In 1968, an addition was built on the back.</p><br>
<p>In 1998 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Calumet County Courthouse, built in 1913, is an historic copper-domed county courthouse building located at 206 Court St in Chilton, Wisconsin. Designed by B. Mehner in the Classical Revival style, it was built of red brick.</p><br>
<p>In 1978, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>It is a three-story building with a low center dome. It has a concrete-block ground story and two red brick stories. Inside, it had a three-story rotunda but that was reduced in the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>Forother monuments with the same nameSoldiers and Sailors Monument </p><br>
<p>The Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Hall and Museum (or often simply Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Hall) is a National Register of Historic Places landmark that is located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. It is the largest memorial in the United States that is dedicated solely to honoring all branches of military veterans and service personnel.</p><br>
<h2>History and notable features</h2><br>
<p>This historic building was conceived by the Grand Army of the Republic during the 1890s as a way for Pittsburgh and Allegheny County residents to honor the dwindling ranks of American Civil War veterans; it was built on what had served as a Union Army mustering ground during the war. The memorial now represents all branches of the service and honors career and citizen soldiers who have served the United States throughout its history.</p><br>
<p>Architect Henry Hornbostel designed this memorial in 1907. Dedicated in 1910, the building was created in the Beaux-Arts style and is heroic in scale. It is located in the Oakland section of Pittsburgh at 4141 Fifth Avenue (although the walkway leading to its main entrance is signed as "Matthew Ridgway Blvd." in honor of the World War II and Korean War hero who called Pittsburgh home). Situated adjacent to the University of Pittsburgh campus and its Cathedral of Learning, the building is set back from Fifth Avenue. It features expansive, well-kept lawns with large cannons and other war implements. The side streets flanking the building are Bigelow Boulevard and University Place, with O&#39;Hara Street directly behind the memorial.</p><br>
<p>It houses rare and one-of-a-kind exhibits that span the eras from the American Civil War to present-day conflicts. Since 1963, it has been home to the "Hall of Valor," an exhibit that honors individual veterans from the region who went above and beyond the call of duty. The hall currently pays tribute to more than six hundred honorees, including winners of the Medal of Honor, The Kearny Cross, the Distinguished Service Cross, the Navy Cross, the Air Force Cross, the Silver Star, and the Distinguished Flying Cross.</p><br>
<p>The building houses an auditorium that seats 2,500, a banquet hall, meeting rooms, and a museum. The expansive lawn of the memorial sits on top of an underground parking garage operated under a long-term lease by the University of Pittsburgh.</p><br>
<p>It has served as host for many city, civic, university, and business events, including an April 25, 1978, Gulf Oil Corporation shareholders meeting.</p><br>
<h2>Filming location</h2><br>
<p>*The 1991 psychological horror film Silence of the Lambs features the hall as the Memphis Courthouse, where the film&#39;s villain, Hannibal Lecter is kept in a makeshift cell.</p><br>
<p>*The 2009 horror film Sorority Row uses the hall as the site of a graduation.</p><br>
<h2>Famous visitors</h2><br>
<p>*Ferdinand Foch visited the hall in 1921.</p><br>
<p>*Garner Ted Armstrong of The World Tomorrow spoke at The Soldiers and Sailors Memorial Hall on March 25, 1978.</p><br>
<p>*G. E. Lowman spoke at the hall on April 23, 1938, and again in 1962</p><br>
<p>*Nelson Mandela spoke at the hall on December 6, 1991.</p><br>
<p>*Barack Obama visited the hall in 2008.</p><br>
<p>*Donald Trump spoke at the hall on April 13, 2016.</p><br>
<p>The Savannah Historic District is a large urban USA historic district that roughly corresponds to the pre&ndash;Civil War city limits of Savannah, Georgia. The area was declared a National Historic Landmark District in 1966, The district was established in recognition of the Oglethorpe Plan, a unique model of urban planning begun in 1733 by James Oglethorpe at Savannahs founding and propagated during the first century of the citys growth.</p><br>
<p>The plan of the historic portions of Savannah is based on the concept of a ward, as defined by Oglethorpe. Each ward had a central square, around which were arrayed four trust lots and four tythings. Each trust lot was to be used for a civic purpose, such as a school, government building, church, museum, or other public venue, while the tythings were each subdivided into ten lots for residential use. The wards were oriented in a rectilinear grid with north–south and east–west alignments. In a typical ward, the trust lots were set east and west of the square, and the residential lots of the tythings were extended north and south of the trust lots and the square, each tything divided into two rows of five lots and separated by alleys. In the early years of the Province of Georgia, the ward organization was in part military, with each ward&#39;s inhabitants organized into militia units, and the central squares acting as a gathering point for refugees from outside the city walls.</p><br>
<p>Each year, the Savannah Historic District attracts millions of visitors, who enjoy its eighteenth- and nineteenth-century architecture and green spaces. The district includes the birthplace of Juliette Gordon Low (founder of the Girl Scouts of the United States of America, see Juliette Gordon Low Historic District), the Telfair Academy of Arts and Sciences (one of the Souths first public museums), the First African Baptist Church (the oldest African American Baptist congregation in the United States), Temple Mickve Israel (the third-oldest synagogue in America), the Central of Georgia Railway roundhouse complex (the oldest standing antebellum rail facility in America), Christ Church (the Mother Church of Georgia), the old Colonial Cemetery, Cathedral of St. John the Baptist, Old Harbor Light, and Factors Row, a line of former cotton warehouses, along its waterfront, some built from ships ballast stones.</p><br>
<p>Other buildings in the district include the Isaiah Davenport House, the Green-Meldrim House, the Owens–Thomas House, the William Scarbrough House, the Sorrel–Weed House, and the United States Customhouse. Notable green spaces in the district include Savannahs 22 squares, the 30-acre Forsyth Park (at the southern limit of the district), and Emmet Park, part of The Strand, near the citys riverfront, in what was known as the Old Fort neighborhood.</p><br>
<p>Gardner Steel Conference Center  is an academic building of the University of Pittsburgh and a contributing property to the Schenley Farms National Historic District and a Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>An Early Modern structure built from 1911-1912 by architects Kiehnel and Elliott, has been noted for its capital ornamentation over the entrance doors, and the wave-like shapes repeated across the cornice which likely derive from the German art nouveau movement jugendstil. The building originally served as the Central Turnverein, a German-American social and athletic association, and later known as the Central Athletic Association. It served as the site of various athletic contests, including some involving the University of Pittsburgh. During World War I, it was used to house those in the Student Army Training Corps. Following the war, a severe space shortage at the Dental School prompted the university to purchase the building in 1920 for use as a dental clinic and infirmary. Known then as the Infirmary Building, a 2,500 ft&sup2; annex was erected in 1922 creating enough space in the building to hold 200 dental chairs.</p><br>
<p>The Gardner Steel Conference Center, as it is now known, is currently home to classrooms, computer labs, the Academic Resource Center, and the Innovation Institute. In 1995, the School of Engineering and the Department of Mathematics collaborated on a $250,000 joint project that created a 2,300 ft&sup2; laboratory for the computer instruction of calculus. The Gardner Steel Conference Center is the former home to the Pitt Club, a University of Pittsburgh faculty and staff club defunct since 2003. Previously, it also served for a time as home of the General Alumni Association (now the Pitt Alumni Association based in Alumni Hall).</p><br>
<p>The Gardner Steel Conference Center is named after Gardner Steele, a Pitt alumnus and investor in the oil fields of Oklahoma. He matriculated in 1891 and was a member of one of the first intervarsity football teams and also held the record for the 100 yd dash while at Pitt. When he died in 1928, he left the bulk of a $300,000 estate to the university.</p><br>
<p>The Balsams Grand Resort Hotel is a grand hotel and ski resort located in Dixville Notch in New Hampshire, United States. It has been closed since 2011. The resort grounds cover 11,000 acre and feature 95 km of cross-country ski trails, an alpine ski area with 16 trails, five glade areas and a terrain park. There is also a nine-hole golf course and an 18-hole championship course called "Panorama" which was designed by Donald Ross. The site continues to be a polling place for the New Hampshire midnight voting on the day of state&#39;s primary and general elections.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Located along the old Coös Trail, now Route 26, through Dixville Notch, it first opened just after the Civil War as the Dix House, a 25-room summer inn established by George Parsons. In 1895, it was purchased by Henry S. Hale, a Philadelphia inventor and industrialist who had been a regular guest. He renamed it "The Balsams", and over time enlarged and augmented the facilities. In 1918, Hale completed the Hampshire House, the towering wing which doubled the resort&#39;s capacity to 400 guests.</p><br>
<p>The Ballot Room of The Balsams is where Dixville Notch&#39;s presidential primary votes are cast just after midnight on the day of the New Hampshire primaries since the 1960s. These votes cast by Dixville Notch residents are among the first to be cast, counted, and reported nationally.</p><br>
<h3>Current operations</h3><br>
<p>In December 2011, The Balsams closed to the public after being purchased by new owners for $2.3 million, and remains closed as of January 2021 as its owners continue to seek financing for their redevelopment and expansion efforts. In 2014, former American Skiing Company head Les Otten joined the Balsams redevelopment effort. Included in Otten&#39;s current plan is a massive expansion of the ski area to around 1,000 acres and the addition of multiple lifts, including a year-round gondola to the summit and a lift connection across Route 26 to the hotel complex.</p><br>
<p>The expanded ski area would be quadruple its current size and be one of the largest ski areas in the Northeast. Plans call for the renovation of the main hotel buildings, the Dix and Hampshire houses, as well as a new hotel wing, and renovations to the golf course clubhouse. The plans call for the conversion of a portion of the existing buildings from hotel rooms to condominiums as well as the potential construction of additional condominium units.</p><br>
<p>Otten has stated that the project to redevelop the hotel and resort would cost an estimated $170 million. After years of effort by the owners of the property, New Hampshire Governor Chris Sununu signed the so-called "Balsams Bill" into law in May 2019, allowing the Coös County Commissioners to create a tax increment financing district around the Balsams. Otten seeks to sell $28 million of bonds under the municipal finance structure in order to begin the redevelopment. In 2021, Provident Resources Group, a national nonprofit, agreed to finance the construction of the new hotel. The development team later announced the addition of Goldman Sachs to advance the financing of the project. This led to a surge in real-estate interest, with over 500 pre-sale commitments totaling $30 million by June 2022.</p><br>
<p>The Whitney Young Birthplace and Museum is a historic house museum on the campus of the former Lincoln Institute in rural Shelby County, Kentucky near Shelbyville, Kentucky. It was the birthplace and childhood home of Whitney M. Young Jr. , an American civil rights leader. Young became prominent for his leadership of the National Urban League between 1961 and 1971. The house is now managed by the Lincoln Foundation, a successor to the Lincoln Institute, as a museum to its and Young&#39;s history. The house appears on the National Register of Historic Places and was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Lincoln Institute was founded by Berea College in 1912 after Kentucky passed legislation forbidding mixed-race colleges and operated until 1966. The Whitney Young Birthplace stands on its former campus, south of United States Route 60 west of Shelbyville. It is a modest two-story wood-frame structure with a clapboarded exterior and hip roof. A porch extends across the front, supported by stuccoed square columns.</p><br>
<p>Young was born in the house in 1921 and lived there through his high school years. Particularly in his role as leader of the National Urban League (1961–71), Young was influential in improving conditions for African Americans with respect to housing, education, and employment opportunity. Youngs birthplace and childhood home remained the property of the Lincoln Institute, and its successor, the Lincoln Foundation. After Youngs death in 1971, the house was dedicated as a shrine to his memory. Today, numerous photographs, articles, and other items related to Young and the Lincoln Institute are on display inside the house.</p><br>
<p>The house is now a museum, accessed through the Whitney M. Young Jr. Jobs Corps Center, a unit of the United States Department of Labor.</p><br>
<p>Schenley Quadrangle is a cluster of University of Pittsburgh  residence halls that is a Pittsburgh History and Landmarks Foundation Historic Landmark and are contributing properties to the Schenley Farms National Historic District in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.</p><br>
<p>The five residence halls are the former historic Schenley Apartments, designed by Henry Hornbostel with collaboration from Rutan & Russell and Eric Fisher Wood, for developer Franklin Nicola; they were built between 1922 and 1924 at a cost of more than $4.5 million ($ in dollars). Originally, the Schenley Apartments were home of Pittsburgh&#39;s well-to-do (including for a time their architect Henry Hornbostel) and consisted of 1,113 rooms in 238 apartments across the five buildings. The university acquired them in December 1955 at a cost of $3 million ($ in dollars), renovating them into residence halls for another $1 million ($ in dollars). By 1957–1958, 101 female students had moved into 20 apartments in Building F (now called Brackenridge Hall).</p><br>
<p>Today, Schenley Quadrangle consists of five Pitt residence halls: Amos Hall, Brackenridge Hall, Bruce Hall, Holland Hall, and McCormick Hall.</p><br>
<p>Previously a vehicle drop-off area and parking lot, the courtyard between these buildings was converted to a public open space with landscaping and exterior furniture in 2018; a raised platform was built for performances or other events. The renovation cost $5 million, with another $5 million spent on the parking garage beneath it.</p><br>
<h2>Amos Hall</h2><br>
<p>Amos Hall houses nine sororities, each on their own separate floor. There are 152 upper class female residents living in sorority suites that feature a kitchen, bathrooms, living room, chapter room, and bedrooms. Laundry facilities are in the penthouse. In 2008, Pitt approved a $9.1 million renovation of Amos Hall that included air conditioning; updated energy efficient electrical and water systems; and updated bedrooms, bathrooms, and kitchens that were redesigned to be compatible with the pre-existing architectural structure. Completed and reopened for the Fall 2009 term, input from each sorority gave every floor its own style.</p><br>
<p>The Forbes Street street level retail portion of the building is currently occupied by a Starbucks, but was previously Oakland Bakery and Market, preceded by a fitness center, which was preceded by a bank.</p><br>
<p>The building is named for Thrysa W. Amos, the university&#39;s dean of women from 1919 to 1941.</p><br>
<h2>Brackenridge Hall</h2><br>
<p>Brackenridge Hall houses 210 mostly upperclass men and women in four- and five-person suites. Each suite features a MicroFridge and a private bathroom; a few single and double rooms do not include a MicroFridge. Laundry facilities are located in the penthouse. Brackenridge Hall also features a fitness center (relocated from Amos Hall in 2013) that is available to all residents of Schenley Quadrangle.</p><br>
<p>In Fall 2012, the university&#39;s Honors College established Brackenridge Hall as an honors dormitory.</p><br>
<p>The Pitt Shop, a university owned store selling University of Pittsburgh branded clothing and merchandise, is on the street level of the building on Fifth Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The building is named for Hugh Henry Brackenridge, the founder of the university.</p><br>
<h2>Bruce Hall</h2><br>
<p>Bruce Hall houses 212 primarily first year male and female students in four- and six-person suites. Starting in 2014–2015, Bruce Hall became home to the College of Business Administration&#39;s first year student Living Learning Community. The building is named for Robert Bruce, the first chancellor after the university was renamed from the Pittsburgh Academy to the Western University of Pennsylvania. Until 1978, Bruce Hall served as a university office building; at that time, those offices were relocated to Posvar Hall, thereby allowing Bruce Hall to be converted into student housing.</p><br>
<h3>Basement and First Floor</h3><br>
<p>The basement and first floor of Bruce Hall are level with the street at Forbes Avenue. In 2021, these retail spaces are occupied by The UPS Store and Forbes Street Market, which was established in 2018 by the university and Sodexo, but is now run by Compass, who has had the university&#39;s dining contract since July 2020. The space was previously occupied by a 7 Eleven, which closed in the Fall 2017.</p><br>
<h3>Second Floor</h3><br>
<p>The second floor is the main entrance for residents, as well as the location of the University of Pittsburgh Business and Auxiliary Services offices.</p><br>
<h3>Third through Eleventh Floors</h3><br>
<p>The third through eleventh floors are entirely student residential suites. Each floor has 6 suites: 3 four-person suites, 2 three-person suites, and 1 six-person suite with laundry facilities on each floor. The 6-person suites on the upper floors have an exceptional view of the Cathedral of Learning, Schenley Plaza, and the Carnegie Museum of Natural History from the common room&#39;s windows.</p><br>
<h3>Twelfth Floor</h3><br>
<p>The twelfth floor is home to the university&#39;s special events and catering services, including a meeting room in suite 1201 reserved for activities held by the president or vice president of the university. It was previously impossible to get to the twelfth floor without an elevator key, though recent access to the twelfth floor has not been as restrictive as in the past.</p><br>
<p>A five bedroom, four-bath suite on the twelfth floor of Bruce Hall also once served as the university&#39;s Chancellor residence.</p><br>
<h3>The Ghost of 1201 Bruce Hall</h3><br>
<p>Many students, university employees, and various outside sources believe that a ghost or two haunts the 1201 suite of Bruce Hall. The owner of the Schenley Apartments once lived with his family on the twelfth floor. Rumor has it that his mistress and/or wife committed suicide in the 1201 suite by either hanging herself or throwing herself out the window. Students and staff have reported hearing footsteps in the stairwells and the halls, as well as a woman&#39;s voice. Some have reported poltergiest-like activity, and past student residents have heard stories about the elevators not stopping on their floor, instead continuing up to the twelfth floor and refusing to go back down. Traditionally referred to as "Harriet," the ghost (for whom Pitt staff have even hung Christmas stockings for) has only been known to visit the 12th floor, the 11th floor, and suite 8B on the 8th floor (where she is said to have lived).</p><br>
<h2>Holland Hall</h2><br>
<p>Holland Hall is divided into two wings, North and South, and houses 600 upperclass and first-year males and females in single, double, triple, and quad accommodations; prior to 2017 it was a women only dormitory. On each floor there is a kitchenette and communal bathrooms and showers. The penthouse features a lounge, study area, and laundry facilities. It originally served as a men&#39;s dormitory.</p><br>
<p>Since January, 1960, the University Store, the primary book store for the university, has been located on the ground floor of Holland Hall, accessible from either the Schenley Quadrangle or from Fifth Avenue. At the time of its opening, it was hailed as the largest college bookstore in the nation. The store completed a $9.43 million renovation that included insertion of a skylight, a café, a technology area, an Espresso Book Machine, and various reading nooks, as well as the creation of a new entrance on the Forbes Avenue side of Holland Hall.</p><br>
<p>Holland Hall is named after University Chancellor William Jacob Holland, who led the university from 1891 to 1901 when it was known as the Western University of Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<h2>McCormick Hall</h2><br>
<p>McCormick Hall houses 132 mostly upperclass men and women in two-, three-, five-, and seven-person suites. Each suite features one or more private bathrooms and a kitchenette with refrigerator. Laundry facilities are available in the penthouse. The William Pitt Union is adjacent to McCormick Hall.</p><br>
<p>McCormick Hall is named after Samuel B. McCormick, who served as University Chancellor from 1904 to 1921, during which time the university moved from Pittsburgh&#39;s North Side to its current location in the neighborhood of Oakland, also changing its name from the Western University of Pennsylvania to the University of Pittsburgh.</p><br>
<h2>Namesakes</h2><br>
<p>When still the Schenley Apartments, the buildings in Schenley Quad were simply named "A", "B", "C", "D", and "F". After their acquisition by the university for student residences, each building was eventually renamed for important figures in the university&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>Thyrsa Amos.jpg</p><br>
<p>Hugh Henry Brackenridge.jpg</p><br>
<p>Robert Bruce, Chancellor of the University of Pittsburgh.jpg</p><br>
<p>William Jacob Holland.jpg</p><br>
<p>Samuel B. McCormick.jpg</p><br>
<p>The Elmwood Inn in Perryville, Kentucky is a historic building which served as a mansion, a battlefield hospital in 1862, as an academy during 1891–1925, and later as a restaurant and as a tea house, and then again as a private residence.</p><br>
<p>Its facade illustrates tins of tea and recipe books distributed under the banner of the Elmwood Inn Fine Teas company.</p><br>
<p>Built in 1842 by local merchant John Burton, the Greek Revival mansion was used as a makeshift hospital during the 1862 Battle of Perryville in the American Civil War. The handsome building served as a boarding school, the Elmwood Academy, from 1896 until 1924 under the care of headmaster Thomas Poynter.</p><br>
<p>Elmwood was rescued by preservationists in 1974. It was placed on the National Register of Historic Places as a contributing building in the Perryville Historic District in 1973, and it was designated as a Kentucky landmark by Governor Wendell Ford. It served as a regional restaurant until 1989. Noted guests during that time included Ronald Reagan and KFC founder Colonel Harland Sanders. The inn was transformed into one of America&#39;s best-known tea houses in 1990 under the ownership of Bruce and Shelley Richardson. In 2002, Elmwood Inn was named by the UK Tea Council as the first American tea room to be included in their prestigious publication "Best Tea Places."</p><br>
<p>Elmwood closed to the public in 2004 and the grand house is now a private residence.</p><br>
<p>Elmwood Inn Fine Teas began importing, blending and packaging specialty teas in 1993 and now supplies teas to tea rooms, restaurants and gift shops in every state. Elmwood Inn&#39;s publishing division, Benjamin Press, is the publisher of over 17 books, mainly on the subject of tea.</p><br>
<p>The Elmwood Inn Fine Teas and Benjamin Press offices, blending and packaging operation is located at 135 North Second Street in Danville, Kentucky. A tea shop for retail and wholesale customers is located in that downtown facility.</p><br>
<p>The Elmwood Inn building was the Elmwood Academy from 1891 to 1925, built c.1850, served as a hospital in the Battle of Perryville.</p><br>
<p>The Charles E. Roberts Stable is a renovated former barn in the Chicago suburb of Oak Park, Illinois, United States. The building has a long history of remodeling work including an 1896 transformation by famous American architect Frank Lloyd Wright.</p><br>
<p>The stable remodel was commissioned by Charles E. Roberts, a patron of Wrights work, the same year Wright worked on an interior remodel of Roberts House. The building was eventually converted into a residence by Charles E. White, Jr., a Wright-associated architect. Sources vary as to when this occurred but the house was moved from its original location to its present site in 1929. The home is cast in the Tudor Revival style but still displays the architectural thumbprint of Wright&#39;s later work.</p><br>
<p>The building is listed as a contributing property to a federally designated USA Registered Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Charles E. Roberts was an engineer, inventor and important early client of Frank Lloyd Wright. Roberts was an influential member of the building committee of Unity Temple in Oak Park. For Roberts, Wright also developed the Quadruple Block Plan of 1900–1903. Some architectural historians have mistakenly identified Charles E. Roberts as the father of Oak Park Studio architect Isabel Roberts. Isabel&#39;s father was James H. Roberts of South Bend, Indiana.</p><br>
<p>In 1896 Charles E. Roberts, an established patron of Frank Lloyd Wright, commissioned two jobs by the architect. One was the Charles E. Roberts House, for which Wright executed an interior remodel, and the other was the Charles E. Roberts Stable. Wright redesigned the structure from an old barn into a garage for Roberts electric car. The building was eventually converted into a residence by architect Charles E. White, Jr., Roberts son-in-law and an employee in Wrights studio in the years 1903–1905. Sources greatly vary on the date of Whites conversion. The village of Oak Parks landmark nomination form for Wrights other Roberts project, the patrons home, dates Whites conversion of the garage into a residence at 1929, the year when the structure was physically moved from its original location to its present location. Historian Thomas OGorman, while noting the 1929 move, states that the Wright-redesigned barn conversion was altered into a dwelling between 1903 and 1904. OGorman connects Whites remodel to the thorough overhaul the building experienced under Wrights creative control.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house elicits in its viewer a distinct "English feel." Indeed, through its many remodelings the building is cast in the Tudor Revival style of architecture. The structure displays a steeply pitched, side gabled roof, rounded bay and half-timbering, all common elements of the Tudor Revival style. Other 1890s Wright-designed buildings also displayed a connection to traditional domestic architecture styles. The house has a vertical upsweep which projects a sense of shelter and safety associated with the broad, overhanging eaves found in Wrights roof designs. White carried Wrights design a step further in his remodel, but Wright&#39;s architectural aplomb is still evident in the structure.</p><br>
<p>The home expresses a familial coziness, common to Wright&#39;s later early modern Prairie homes. The entire idea of barn conversion was an architectural advance in the late 19th century.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Charles E. Roberts Stable is one of several examples of Wright&#39;s work on pre-existing structures found in the village of Oak Park. Other examples include the Peter A. Beachy House and the Hills-DeCaro House, as well as the Roberts House; each of those buildings were pre-existing homes. The building once sat at the rear of the Charles E. Roberts House, a locally designated Oak Park Landmark, today it stands next door to that structure. The historic district was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places on December 4, 1973.</p><br>
<p>George Hubbard Clapp Hall is a contributing property to the Schenley Farms National Historic District on the campus of the University of Pittsburgh in the Oakland section of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The six-story Gothic Revival structure, designed by Trautwein & Howard, was completed in 1956 and serves as the primary facility of the University of Pittsburgh Department of Biological Sciences. It contains laboratories, classrooms, a greenhouse, and an amphitheater-style lecture hall with 404 seats.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Clapp Hall was designed by Trautwein & Howard, a successor to architectural firm of Charles Klauder who designed the university&#39;s gothic Cathedral of Learning, Stephen Foster Memorial, and Heinz Memorial Chapel.</p><br>
<p>Clapp Halls exterior and interior spaces have been described as a mix of Collegiate Gothic and Art Deco. The building features a diagonally-positioned entrance that creates a direct axis with the Cathedral of Learning which is framed in Clapp Halls stone portal entryway. The building is clad in textured Indiana limestone to match the stone used on the Cathedral of Learning. The buildings use of aluminum windows has been suggested to be a quiet homage to the work of aluminum magnate George Hubbard Clapp, the buildings namesake. The lobby of Clapp Hall is streamlined Art Deco in character, with terrazzo flooring and stainless steel doors, and is thus more stylistically modern than its exterior which is meant to reflect the Cathedral of Learning. It has been suggested that the lobby reveals a struggle in the design process to find a balance between the traditional gothic and more contemporary design elements.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Original plans slated Clapp Hall to be built adjacent to the Cathedral of Learning facing the Masonic Temple, on the south side of Fifth Avenue, between the Cathedral and Heinz Memorial Chapel. Concerns over adding more buildings to the Cathedral of Learning lawn and impinging on the lawn&#39;s rare open space prompted a change to its current site across Fifth Avenue and effectively ended above-ground development of the Cathedral lawn space.</p><br>
<p>The 3 acre plot of land that Clapp Hall was constructed on was purchased for $675,000 ($ million today) as a gift for the university by the A.W. Mellon Educational and Charitable Trust. Ground was broken for Clapp Hall in 1954 and the building was completed in 1956. The six-story building cost $2.5 million ($ million today) and it was initially used only for freshman chemistry, although other sciences soon moved into the building. it is conjoined with Langley and Crawford Halls, which were added in later stages, and forms the three-building Clapp/Langley/Crawford Complex. The triangular courtyard at the southwest entry to Clapp Hall, facing the Cathedral of Learning, was modified in 2004 to accommodate trees and benches.</p><br>
<p>The building is named for George Hubbard Clapp (1858–1949), an alumnus (class of 1877) and president of Pitt&#39;s board of trustees for more than 40 years. Clapp was one of five responsible for the first commercial production of aluminum and was a founder of the Aluminum Company of America.</p><br>
<h2>Use</h2><br>
<p>The six-story structure contains laboratories, classrooms, and an amphitheater-style lecture hall with 404 seats. A greenhouse, used mostly for teaching, is located on the fourth floor of Clapp Hall. Clapp Hall originally housed Pitt&#39;s Departments of Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Metallurgy, and Chemical Engineering. Today the Department of Biological Sciences occupies the building.</p><br>
<p>The Heyburn Building is a 17-floor, 250-foot  building in downtown Louisville, Kentucky, United States. In the early 20th century, it was an integral part of the "magic corner" of Fourth Street and Broadway, which rivaled Main Street as Louisville&#39;s business district. It occupies the lot that was the location of the Avery mansion, home of Louisville suffragist, Susan Look Avery. This block of West Broadway had been a posh residential corridor prior to the commercial transition of which the Heyburn Building composed a part.</p><br>
<p>The Classical Revival-style Heyburn Building was completed in 1928. It was built by and named for William R. Heyburn, president of Belknap Hardware and Manufacturing Company. It was designed by the Graham, Anderson, Probst & White firm of Chicago. It was the tallest building in Kentucky until a vertical addition of the defunct Commonwealth Building was completed in 1955.</p><br>
<p>The Heyburn Building has since gone through several owners and renovations, the largest of which occurred in 1983 at a cost of $6 million. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>On January 21, 2010, a man committed suicide by jumping to his death from the building&#39;s top floor.</p><br>
<p>Edwin H. Cheney House  located in Oak Park, Illinois, United States, was Frank Lloyd Wright&#39;s design of this residence for electrical engineer Edwin Cheney. The house is part of the Frank Lloyd Wright–Prairie School of Architecture Historic District. A brick house with the living and sleeping rooms all on one floor under a single hipped roof, the Cheney House has a less monumental and more intimate quality than the design for the Arthur Heurtley House. The intimacy of the Cheney house is due to the building not being a full story off the ground and being sequestered from the main street by a walled terrace. In addition, its windows are nestled between the wide eaves of the roof and the substantial stone sill that girdles the house.</p><br>
<p>The living rooms, which take up the entire front of the house and open onto the walled terrace at the center, are trimmed in fir. Together they form a single longitudinal space under a continuous ceiling carried up in the form of a hip roof, the whole subdivided into dining room, living room, and library by wooden posts and cabinets. The basement features a large in-law suite.</p><br>
<p>It was this commission that precipitated the love affair between Wright, and Edwins wife, Mamah Cheney (née Borthwick), the climax of which occurred in 1909 when Wright abandoned his architectural practice and left with Mrs. Cheney for a year in Europe. This era of Wrights life ended in 1914 when the former Mrs. Cheney (by then divorced, and legally Mamah Borthwick), her children, and four others, were murdered at Taliesin by an insane servant.</p><br>
<p>Old Stone Church is a church building built in 1802. When it was constructed, it was in the Pendleton District, South Carolina. When Pendleton District was divided in 1826, the church was in Pickens District. When Pickens District was split in 1868, it was in Oconee County, South Carolina. In 1968, this section of Oconee County was annexed back to Pickens County. The church is about midway between the centers of Pendleton and Clemson. It is now in the city limits of Clemson.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1790, the Hopewell Presbyterian Church, which was also called the Hopewell-Keowee Church, was built in the Pickens District. Hopewell was the name of General Andrew Pickens&#39;s house on the Seneca River. Keowee was a common name for this section of the Seneca River in this period. The first church was a log building. Its location is on South Experimental Forest of Clemson University in Pickens County on Seed Orchard Road about 200 m west of West Queen St. This church burned in 1796. The ruins can be found at the edge of the forest. A monument was on the site until 1980 when it was moved to inside of Old Stone Church to prevent vandalism.</p><br>
<p>The congregation was given a tract of land for the new church by John Miller, who was a printer in Pendleton. Miller had been a publisher in England. In 1775, he and two partners were tried for libel because of their publications of the Junius letters in the London Evening Post. They were found not guilty. In 1782, Miller came to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In 1783, he moved to Charleston, South Carolina and began publishing a newspaper, Pendleton Messenger. After the Treaty of Hopewell, he was given 640 acres (259 ha) on Eighteen Mile Creek near Pendleton by Governor Benjamin Guerard. He or his son later deeded about 16.9 acres (6.8 ha) to the Trustees of Hopewell Church.</p><br>
<p>The new church was constructed of field stone and mortar by John Rusk, who was the father of Texas Senator Thomas Jefferson Rusk, over the period from 1797 to 1802. It was a simple building with wooden pews and a pulpit. Early members of the church included Robert Anderson and Andrew Pickens.</p><br>
<p>In 1824, the congregation built a new church, Hopewell-Pendleton, in Pendleton. After the new church was built, The Old Stone Church was only used occasionally. The congregation in Pendleton is now known as the Pendleton Presbyterian Church.</p><br>
<p>The Old Stone Church and Cemetery is on the National Register of Historic Places, No. 71000794. The South Carolina Department of Archives and History has additional pictures and information, and copies of the nomination forms.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>Robert Anderson, American Revolutionary War colonel</p><br>
<p>Leon P. Crawford, Republican mayor of Clemson from 1946 to 1965</p><br>
<p>Andrew Pickens, American Revolutionary War Brigadier general and member of the United States House of Representatives</p><br>
<p>Rebecca Calhoun Pickens, wife of Andrew Pickens and cousin of John C. Calhoun</p><br>
<p>John Miller, London printer</p><br>
<p>Reverend Thomas Reese</p><br>
<p>The Abbeville Opera House, also known as the Abbeville Opera House and Municipal Office Building is an historic building located in Abbeville, South Carolina. Designed by William Augustus Edwards of Edwards and Wilson, it was opened in 1904 and dedicated in 1908. On July 1, 1970, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>According to the South Carolina Department of Parks, Recreation and Tourism the theater has received the South Carolina Governor&#39;s Travel Award for Tourism and was designated as the Official Rural Drama State Theatre of South Carolina. It is included in the Abbeville Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>At the turn of the 20th century there were many "road companies" producing shows in New York City. Once the production was assembled, the show traveled throughout the country. One of the more popular tours went from New York to Richmond to Atlanta. For a number of years, Abbeville was an overnight stop for the entire touring company. Several members of the community decided that if this area had a facility, since the travelling companies were coming through the area anyway, Abbeville could sponsor some of these touring productions.</p><br>
<p>On October 1, 1908, what was then the Abbeville District dedicated a new Abbeville County Courthouse and City Hall. The grand old theatre now known as the Abbeville Opera House was a part of that splendid pair of buildings "equal in beauty of architecture and modern conveniences of any in the state," according to regional newspaper accounts of the day. From that time on, all the "greats and near greats" played on the magnificent Opera House stage. Vaudeville was in its "heyday" as was Abbeville and the Abbeville Opera House.</p><br>
<p>Today, most people who visit the historic Abbeville Opera House see a building that</p><br>
<p>represents a microcosm of the history of Abbeville since the turn-of-the-century. Efforts toward preservation and renewal of Abbeville and the renewal of</p><br>
<p>the Abbeville Opera House began some thirty years ago. The refurbished theatre operates year-round. The</p><br>
<p>218 newly refurbished seats face a 7,800 ft&sup2; stage. The balcony has</p><br>
<p>92 seats and the turn of the 20th century boxes seat up to 6 people in each of the</p><br>
<p>four box seats.</p><br>
<p>The Standard House is a landmark in the city of Peekskill in Westchester County, New York, built in 1855. It is located at 50 Hudson Avenue between South Water Street and the Metro-North Hudson Line train tracks.</p><br>
<p>An Italianate brick building, it and the Union Hotel across the street are the only two hotel buildings remaining from the period of Peekskills industrial height as a center for the manufacture of stoves. It continued to be in use as a hotel after that industry declined, but couldnt survive the decline of the railroad in the mid-20th century. Vacant and neglected through most of the later years of that century, it was restored early in the next. In 2000 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Currently it houses a retail store on the ground floor, and the city&#39;s economic development offices.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The buildings small lot is flat, reflecting the nearby Hudson River. The fenced-off tracks are on its west; it shares a party wall with another commercial building to the east. To its north is a vacated section of the former West Street, the only fragment of Peekskills once yellow-brick paved streets remaining in the city.</p><br>
<p>The Standard House is a three-story painted brick building, four bays by three, with a shallow-pitched pyramidal roof covered in bitumen roll topped by a central cupola with a flagpole on top. Two brick chimneys rise from the western corners. The south (front) elevation of the first story has two glass storefronts, topped by a wooden cornice. All four windows on both upper stories are round-arched with louvered shutters, brick keystones and a stone sill supported by corbeled brick. "STANDARD HOUSE" is prominently painted on a wooden panel between the second and third stories.</p><br>
<p>The roofline has a dentilled wooden box cornice, with molding and brackets above a paneled frieze. The cupola has roofing and trim similar to the rest of the building. Some past fire damage is still visible at its southwest corner.</p><br>
<p>Inside, the first floor has been completely gutted and rebuilt. Only the original wood siding and window framing on the west wall remain. The two upper stories have their original plans intact as well as most of their original finishings.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Built in approximately 1855, it was originally used as a boarding house and tavern, catering to the busy traffic in the industrial area of the city near the New York Central railroad and the Hudson River. The name "Standard House" is not associated with the property until a photo taking during the Blizzard of 1888 shows the name on the facade between the second and third stories as it appears today.</p><br>
<p>The origins of the name are unclear. Theories that have been advanced suggest a connection to William Jennings Bryan. The first concerns The Standard, a society newspaper published in New York and London during the 1890s. Issues with articles highlighting Bryan and Chauncey Depew, a Peekskill native, were found in the building during its restoration. At that time, the owner, John Galligan, was a staunch supporter of Bryan and bimetallism A local newspaper photo taken of Bryan campaigning from the railroad station during the 1908 presidential election shows the Standard House prominently in the background. A photo in the same newspaper of William Howard Taft speaking at the same spot two days later was taken from a different angle that does not show the building at all.</p><br>
<p>Throughout the early 20th century, the Standard House passed through several other owners. At the outset of Prohibition, a man named John Carbone bought it and turned it into a successful restaurant, restoring liquor service after Prohibitions repeal. While the industry around Peekskills waterfront declined, Carbone&#39;s remained successful, but the building was neglected by subsequent ownership, which renamed it the Central Grill. After suffering severe fire damage, the building was boarded up and left to deteriorate further while the city pursued a foreclosure action against its owners for unpaid property taxes.</p><br>
<p>In 1998, the building was purchased by Kathy and Rick Cerreta, longtime city residents with an interest in historic preservation. The city has also recognized them for the effort. They have been leasing the space inside to local businesses since then.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>In 2001, the Standard House was used as a police station in the 2002 movie Unfaithful, however the filmmakers decided to change the ending of the movie, and the scene with "Standard House" was omitted. The building can still be seen in the "deleted scenes" section of the movie&#39;s DVD.</p><br>
<p>The Grove Park Inn is a historic resort hotel on the western-facing slope of Sunset Mountain within the Blue Ridge Mountains, in Asheville, North Carolina. The hotel has been visited by various Presidents of the United States.</p><br>
<p>Listed on the National Register of Historic Places, the hotel was built in the Arts and Crafts style. The inn&#39;s 140 acres includes 513 guest rooms, 10 restaurants and bars, an 18-hole golf course, subterranean spa, 42 meeting rooms, two ballrooms, two swimming pools, and nine tennis courts. The Grove Park Inn is a member of the Historic Hotels of America program of the National Trust for Historic Preservation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1909, Edwin Wiley Grove and his son-in-law Fred Seely bought approximately 400 acres near Sunset Mountain to build a grand hotel. After rejecting plans from several prominent architects, Seely (who had no formal training in construction or architecture) made his own sketch of the hotel, which Grove approved of. The hotel was built in less than a year by workers housed in tents on the job site. It opened on July 12, 1913. Acting USA Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan gave the keynote speech.</p><br>
<p>During World War II, the inn was first used as an internment center for Axis diplomats.</p><br>
<p>William Howard Taft resigned from the United States Supreme Court in the resort&#39;s Great Hall in 1930. In the mid-1930s, F. Scott Fitzgerald and Zelda Fitzgerald moved to Asheville. Zelda would receive more formal care for her mental health while Scott lived at the inn for about a year, dealing with his mental health issues, heavy drinking, and tuberculosis. Scott penned the classic book, The Great Gatsby. Zelda was a creative person in her own right, including being a painter of note.</p><br>
<p>In the mid-1950s, during the Cold War era, the location was seriously considered as a bunker site for the USA Supreme Court. As of 2013, Supreme Court plans call for relocation to the Grove Park Inn in the event of a nuclear attack.</p><br>
<p>The Grove Park Inn became part of Sammons Enterprises in 1955. New owner Charles A. Sammons invested $100,000 in restoration work and the resort was expanded in 1958 and 1963. Sammons&#39; wife Elaine occasionally snuck her dog into the hotel undercover in a baby carriage. Between 1982 and 1988, $65 million was spent to build a 50,000-square-foot sports center and the Sammons and Vanderbilt wings. The new wings more than tripled the amount of guest rooms at the property.</p><br>
<p>A $44 million, 3,700 m&sup2; spa was added to the property in 2001. The resort had 900 employees as of 2009. KSL Resorts acquired the Grove Park Inn in 2012 for $120 million and spent $25 million on renovation work. In 2018, the Inn opened the Seely Pavilion, a 10,000-square-foot event venue.</p><br>
<p>In 1992, the National Gingerbread House Competition began at the Grove Park Inn. The event continues to be hosted at the resort annually with finalists on display to the public in the halls each November and December. The event has been canceled just one year, in 2024, due to the effects of Hurricane Helene. The resort closed for a month and a half in October 2024 due to flooding in Asheville from the hurricane. The property lost power and water and experienced minor flooding.</p><br>
<h3>Relationship to the Biltmore Estate</h3><br>
<p>In 1917, four years after the completion of the inns construction, Fred L. Seely purchased Biltmore Estate Industries from Edith Vanderbilt, wife of George Washington Vanderbilt II. The new venture came in addition to his responsibilities as the manager of the Grove Park Inn. E.W. Grove, his father-in-law and owner of the Grove Park Inn, had refused to sell the hotel to Seely, though he had eagerly allowed him to construct the building. He instead leased the hotel to Seely to manage and he did so until 1927, the year of Groves death and the year Seely lost his legal bid to own the hotel. Grove left his hotel to his wife, son and daughter. Though Seely was married to his daughter, Grove made no concessions to Seely, and the inn passed into the hands of what one advertisement described as "more liberal management."</p><br>
<h2>Notable guests</h2><br>
<h3>USA Presidents</h3><br>
<p>William Howard Taft – 27th President of the United States, stayed in 1929 and 1930</p><br>
<p>Woodrow Wilson – 28th President of the United States</p><br>
<p>Calvin Coolidge – 30th President of the United States</p><br>
<p>Herbert Hoover – 31st President of the United States</p><br>
<p>Franklin D. Roosevelt – 32nd President of the United States, stayed in 1936</p><br>
<p>Dwight D. Eisenhower – 34th President of the United States, stayed in 1947</p><br>
<p>Richard Nixon – 37th President of the United States in 1956</p><br>
<p>George H. W. Bush – 41st President of the United States in 1986</p><br>
<p>Bill Clinton – 42nd President of the United States in 1987</p><br>
<p>Barack Obama – 44th President of the United States, stayed in 2008 and 2010</p><br>
<h3>Other visitors</h3><br>
<p>Helen Keller was one of the inn’s first guests. Other notable visitors include Henry Ford, Thomas Edison, Eleanor Roosevelt, John D. Rockefeller, Jerry Seinfeld, Sanjay Gupta, Harry Houdini, Will Rogers, Jack Nicklaus, George Gershwin, Margaret Mitchell, Billy Graham, Jennifer Lopez, Michael Jordan, William Shatner, and Don Cheadle.</p><br>
<h2>In literature</h2><br>
<p>In Lee Smith&#39;s Guests on Earth: A Novel (which is about Zelda Fitzgerald and published in 2013), the central character often makes references to the Omni Grove Inn as the novel takes place in Asheville, North Carolina.</p><br>
<p>In Cormac McCarthy&#39;s 1979 novel Suttree (set in Knoxville), the title character and his girlfriend spend four days at the inn, staying in what McCarthy described as "a cool room high in the old rough pile of rocks."</p><br>
<p>Even as We Breathe by Annette Saunooke Clapsaddle.</p><br>
<h2>Accolades</h2><br>
<p>Top 20 resort spas in North America by Condé Nast Traveler</p><br>
<p>Travel + Leisures Worlds Best Hotel Spas</p><br>
<p>The Peekskill Freight Depot, sometimes called the Lincoln Depot, is located at 41 South Water Street in Peekskill, New York. It is a brick building erected in the late 19th century.</p><br>
<p>Abraham Lincoln gave a speech at this site during his train ride to Washington after being elected, his only public appearance in Westchester County. No longer in use as a depot, the building is the only intact freight-only station building along the route of the former Hudson River Railroad. In 2004, the station was added to the National Register of Historic Places, and in 2014 it was converted into the Lincoln Depot Museum.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The depot building is closer to the tracks and their chainlink fencing than it is to Water Street. Across the tracks is a park which lies along the Hudson River. The neighborhood is primarily commercial, with other old industrial buildings.</p><br>
<p>It is a one-story 96 by masonry structure faced in common-bond brick with a shallow-pitched gabled roof. The roof eave extends eight feet (2.2 m) over the elevated platform to shelter handlers while loading and unloading freight. It is supported by brackets and has decorative vergeboards at the north and south gable ends. The brick itself has segmented pilasters between the bays and some corbeling.</p><br>
<p>Before its conversion into a museum, the interior of the building retained much of its original trim, including the cement floor, wainscoting, exposed trusswork ceiling and reed molding and bullseye corner blocks around the doors.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first depot was built of wood around 1850 by the Hudson River Railroad to handle freight shipments into and out of what was then a busy industrial Hudson River city.) Around 1890 the present brick depot was built by the New York Central Railroad; at that time its platform had extensions to the north and south along the tracks. There are some reports of fires in the 1880s and again in 1898; and blistering of the interior paint at roof level gives evidence that there was one.</p><br>
<p>On February 19, 1861, Abraham Lincoln stopped here during his train trip to his inauguration and gave a 138-word speech at the invitation of local congressman William Nelson, who introduced him. Contemporary newspaper accounts suggest that approximately 1,000 people were present, equivalent to about a third the population of Peekskill at that time, to hear his brief request for their support in the coming crisis &ndash; four states had already seceded from the Union by then. It was Lincoln&#39;s only recorded appearance in Westchester County.</p><br>
<p>Peekskill has embraced Lincoln&#39;s appearance as a celebrated part of its history. A memorial stone, the Lincoln Exedra, was erected on South Street, overlooking the depot, in 1925. The speech was commemorated at its 50th anniversary in 1911, and again on its centennial in 1961. The latter occasion featured a re-enactment of the speech, with actors dressed as Lincoln and Nelson. The Lincoln Society of Peekskill keeps the memory alive and organizes other activities related to its namesake.</p><br>
<p>The railroad no longer exists, and the building fell vacant as Peekskill&#39;s industrial base declined to the point that freight shipments were no longer made; the line itself is now the Metro-North Hudson commuter line, handling almost exclusively passenger traffic.</p><br>
<h2>Lincoln Depot Museum</h2><br>
<p>In April 2005, then New York State Governor, George Pataki &ndash; the former mayor of Peekskill &ndash; secured the initial funding for the Lincoln Depot Museum to be housed in the freight depot building. Groundbreaking for the project took place on February 9, 2011, by which time the Lincoln Depot Foundation had secured approximately $3 million. The building;s restoration was completed in May 2013, with help from New Yorks Office of Historic Preservation. The museum opened to the public on October 18, 2014.</p><br>
<p>The Oliver Building is located at 159 N. Dearborn Street in Chicago within the Loop.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It was built for the Oliver Typewriter Company from 1907 to 1908 by Holabird & Roche. When two floors were added in 1920, Holabird & Roche were hired for the expansion. The cast iron exterior features typewriter-related motifs. It was declared a Chicago Landmark on May 9, 1984.</p><br>
<p>The windows above the second floor are known as "Chicago windows," and are wide window panes bracketed by narrower double-hung windows. The windows also include the name of the company below the central pane.</p><br>
<p>In the 1990s, when the Oriental Theatre wanted to expand its backstage area, architect Daniel P. Coffey came up with a design plan that gutted the Oliver while preserving one-third of its original steel structure, as well as the building&#39;s Dearborn facade and a portion of its alley facade.</p><br>
<p>Pine Glenn Cove is a private vacation retreat, also known by various other names, including Hatchs Camp, Forest Hills, and St. Annes Retreat. The property is located in Logan Canyon, Utah. Pine Glenn Cove is the largest private retreat in Cache National Forest and Logan Canyon, and the only one with a swimming pool. It has a long, rich history. Started by a wealthy businessman in the early 1910s, it was later expanded by his descendants. It was most famously owned by the Catholic Church in the later half of the 20th century and used as a spiritual retreat for nuns.</p><br>
<p>Much folklore surrounds the camp, citing tales of pregnant nuns, infanticide, satanic worship, and hell-hounds. The camp made it on national headlines in October 1997 when 2 different groups of teenagers (one group of 8 and one group of 30 later in the night) were herded into the empty swimming pool, tied up, and harassed by three shotgun wielding watchmen. Hatchs Camp was placed on the National Register of Historic Places on December 27, 2006. The camp is privately owned and in a restoration process to be opened up to the public at a future date. St. Anns Retreat is allegedly haunted and it was featured on an episode of Travel Channel&#39;s Ghost Adventures.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The site was originally developed in 1910 by Hezekiah Eastman Hatch (1855-1928), a prominent Logan, Utah businessman who built the first cabin there between 1915 and 1918. He built the cabin for his wife Georgia Thatcher Hatch, who enjoyed the cabin in her later years. After her death in 1919, their son Lorenzo Boyd Hatch took over the camp. His brother-in-law Floyd B. Odlum and he expanded the camp. They were self-made millionaires, owners and investors of many prominent businesses.</p><br>
<p>They expanded the site and eventually the summer camp became a summer retreat, not only for the Hatches and Odlums, but for numerous friends and family. The Retreat and its owners hosted many famous people from Hollywood movie stars to government leaders and business heads. Guests included those with local ties as well as business associates, socialites, and other elites the Hatches and the Odlums knew through their ties to New York City and Hollywood.</p><br>
<p>In the 1950s, the camp was donated to the Roman Catholic Diocese by the Hatch family. It was originally offered to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and then Utah State University, but neither of them were interested in the property. It was renamed St. Anns retreat by the Church, and it was used as a vacation spot for nuns from Sisters of the Holy Cross and the Benedictines in Salt Lake City. In the 1980s, it became a youth summer camp for the Boys Club of Weber and Salt Lake Central City Community Center. It was sold for private ownership in the 1993. Hatch&#39;s Camp was added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 27, 2006.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The camp is located 8.3 miles up Logan Canyon, Cache County, Utah, 10 miles from the city of Logan. The land is on the grounds of Cache National Forest.</p><br>
<h2>Amenities</h2><br>
<p>The vacation compound includes 21 buildings and structures, including two main lodges, six smaller cabins, a playhouse, a pool house and generator house, along with a fireplace, fire pit, fountain, bridge and swimming pool. At one time, it also was home to a small theater with an adjoining ticket booth. There was originally a horse stable, but it was demolished. Pine Glenn Cove is one of the largest private camps in Logan Canyon and the only one with a swimming pool.</p><br>
<h2>Folklore</h2><br>
<p>Much folklore surrounds the camp, often citing that the retreat is haunted. While there is no record to support the claims, legend says nuns were sent there after becoming pregnant by monks or priests and would drown their babies in the swimming pool where you couldnt hear them cry. A more specific legend included a nun who drowned her baby to keep it a secret and then committed suicide. Childrens voices and an apparition of a woman dressed in black have reportedly been observed. Other subjects of legend include satanic worship and hell-hounds.</p><br>
<p>"Legend-tripping", which involves traveling to a supernatural location in order to determine whether the stories are true, has caused many young people to enter the camp at night. The police regarded the men as local heroes, which caused a large amount of backlash and initiated a debate about trespassing, the role of law enforcement, and moral values. Eventually, the men were charged with six counts of aggravated assault. The trespassing charges against the teens were dropped, because since the land was technically owned by the Forest Service, the teens were not trespassing.</p><br>
<p>A collection of folkloric stories and first-hand accounts are available at L. Tom Perry Special Collections Library at the Harold B. Lee Library at Brigham Young University.</p><br>
<h2>Ownership</h2><br>
<p>The land is owned by the Forest Service who rents the camp to private owner Matt Nielsen. The retreat is not open to the public. Nielsen has been working to restore the camp so that it can be opened up to the public in the future. An opening date is undetermined. Due to the folklore surrounding the camp, vandalizing and trespassing have been problems and Nielsen had security cameras installed in order to prevent individuals from further damaging the work-in-progress property. There is a Facebook page with pictures of trespassers asking if anyone can identify them.</p><br>
<h2>Media</h2><br>
<p>St. Anns Retreat was featured as episode nine of season twelve of Travel Channels Ghost Adventures hosted by Zak Bagans.</p><br>
<h2>National Register of Historic Places</h2><br>
<p>The 2006 National Register of Historic Places listing included 11 contributing buildings and six other contributing structures.</p><br>
<p>Sag Harbor Village District is a national historic district in Sag Harbor, Suffolk County, New York. It comprises the entire business district of the village. It includes 870 contributing buildings, seven contributing sites, two contributing structures, and three contributing objects. It includes the First Presbyterian Church, a National Historic Landmark building designed by Minard Lafever.</p><br>
<p>The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 and its boundaries were increased in 1994.</p><br>
<h2>Contributing properties</h2><br>
<p>The London Purchase Farm, also known as the John Chapman House, is located on Eagle Road in Upper Makefield Township, Pennsylvania. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 24, 1974. London Purchase Farm was one of the Headquarters for George Washington&#39;s army in December 1776. Both General Henry Knox and Captain Alexander Hamilton were stationed here, before the Crossing of the Delaware River and the Battle of Trenton.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The farm was within a tract of 5,000 acres purchased by the London Land Company of Pennsylvania in 1699. The company leased most of the land to individuals for the next sixty years. About twenty percent of the land was apparently sold rather than leased.</p><br>
<p>This portion of the London Company tract is connected to three generations of John Chapmans. The first John Chapman who owned the Upper Makefield was actually the second of that name in Bucks County. He was the son of the original immigrant John Chapman, one of the first settlers of Wrightstown Township immediately to the west of Upper Makefield Township. John Chapman, the son (born 11 mo. 11, 1678), was surveyor for Bucks County for many years and was also a justice of the peace. On November 10, 1739, he married Ruth (the daughter of John and Mary Wilkinson, and had one son, John. He lived and died in Wrightstown Township and did not live in Upper Makefield.</p><br>
<p>The property was one of many owned by John Chapman, of Wrightstown. In addition to owning property in Wrightstown and Upper Makefield, he owned 300 acres in Durham Township, Bucks County and 200 acres in New Jersey, a partial interest in a saw mill in Wrightstown and a grist mill northwest of Doylestown. As Deputy Surveyor of Bucks County, John Chapman was a key figure in the famous Walking Purchase of 1737 that opened up nearly 1200 square miles of land to European development.</p><br>
<p>There is no recorded deed for John Chapman’s purchase of what is now known as London Purchase Farm. The earliest indication of his association with the property comes from a tax list. The 1733 tax list for Upper Makefield reveals that taxes were being paid on John Chapman’s estate. This reference is followed up by a 1736 road survey for what is today part of Eagle Road labeling the property as being owned by John Chapman, but occupied by William Griffin. John Chapman’s will dated April 6, 1743 gives a property to his son John Chapman when he turned 21 years of age.</p><br>
<p>At the time his will was written, John Chapman lived in Wrightstown Township on a portion of a 536-acre property that he and his brother Abraham owned. The will gave the homestead, the property occupied by William Griffin as well as a tract “lying by River Delaware where Joseph Don liveth” to his son John. The fact that John Chapman willed his property to his son, John Chapman, in 1743 indicates that he actually held title to the property rather than renting it from the London Land Company. The fact that there was a tenant on the property for at least a decade indicates that there was a house on the land. The oldest part of the Manor House was built circa 1735. The Carriage House was built in 1794 and the oldest part of the Barn was built in 1783, as per the date stones on the structures. The property is currently approximately 70 acres in size.</p><br>
<p>At the death of surveyor John Chapman in 1743, his only son, John Chapman (August 18, 1740 – January 27, 1800) was only three when his father’s will was written. John Chapman officially inherited his father’s property when he turned twenty-one in 1761. This third generation John Chapman, studied Medicine in Philadelphia in 1763-64 and was eventually commonly referred to as Dr. John Chapman as a way to distinguish him from his grandfather, father and son, and cousins, of the same name.</p><br>
<p>It is the third generation John Chapman that is most significantly associated with the property. He is documented as living on his Upper Makefield property in the 1770s. It seems likely that the core of the current house was constructed in the 1760s (either at the time Dr. John Chapman took title to the property in 1761) or by the time of his marriage in 1767. Dr. Chapman married Mercy Beaumont in 1767. Mercy was the daughter of John Beaumont who owned over 500 acres of the land to the north and east of the Chapman property. Beaumont’s tract included what is now known as Bowman’s Hill and extended along the Delaware River to include a ferry landing that became known as Beaumont&#39;s Ferry and the site of the future village of Brownsburg. A family journal states that Dr. Chapman moved to the property “about the year 1772” where he resided for the remainder of his life.</p><br>
<p>The Chapman house was the headquarters of the Artillery Battalion of the American Army under General Henry Knox and Colonel Alexander Hamilton in December 1776, as American troops were encamped in Bucks County after the long retreat across New Jersey, and from where they launched their attack against the Hessian troops encamped in Trenton, New Jersey on Christmas Eve, December 25, 1776. This was undoubtedly due to the fact that it was a large manor house and the home of someone who apparently embraced the Patriot cause. According to a neighbor, Peter Cattell, Washington visited the home several times for meetings with Knox and Hamilton. Of note, Hamilton was sick in bed, in the back portion of the house, for several days before joining Washington on the Christmas Eve Crossing of the Delaware River.</p><br>
<p>John Chapman was a Representative to the Fifth Congress (from March 4, 1797-March 3, 1799); from Pennsylvania as a member of the Federalist Party. He worked closely at this time with Alexander Hamilton, who was the first Secretary of the Treasury. According to the Biographical Dictionary of Congress, this John Chapman was born in Wrightstown Township, Bucks County, PA., October 18, 1740. He was commissioned justice of the peace February 25, 1779, and was one of the justices commissioned judge of the court of common pleas of Bucks County, the same year. He was also a member of the Constitution Ratification Convention in Pennsylvania, and a member of the American Philosophical Society.</p><br>
<p>No detailed records of houses exist for Upper Makefield until 1795. At that time John Chapman “farmer and doctor” owned three farms. The homestead farm of 255 acres had a “large stone house and stone barn”. The assessed value of the property in 1798 was $1,100 and was the highest assessment in the township.</p><br>
<p>On February 5,1800, Dr. John Chapman wrote his will in which he divided his property between his three sons, John, Seth and Josiah Chapman His son and namesake John received the portion of the property directly related to London Purchase Farm. This John Chapman (born 1768-died 1840) owned the property until his death. After his death, the majority of the property was purchased by his son, William R. Chapman.</p><br>
<p>From the 1930s to the 1950s the house was owned by Henry and Paula Chapin, and operated as a farm with the help of their children, Charlotte, Anthony and Penney.</p><br>
<p>In the summer of 1948, the owners rented the house to the Percival family. In 1957, the Nelson and Nondas Case bought the house and maintained ownership for three or four years. Mr. Henry Welling and Mr. & Mrs. John H. Welling owned the property and resided here from 1962 to 1966. Theodore N. Luz, wife Edith K. Luz, and their five children, Dennis, Nancy, Linda, Kristin and Michael occupied the home from 1966 to 1968. The James J. O&#39;Brien family lived there in 1971. Since then the house has been sold several times. The property includes the main house, a barn, a carriage house, a guest house, and a pond.</p><br>
<p>The O&#39;Brien family owned the estate from August 1969 to October 1973. During this time the estate was situated on 10 acre of land plus an additional 74 acre of surrounding property on which local farms planted soy bean and corn crops. It was during this period that the estate was placed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Eldora Historic District is a 30 acre historic district in Eldora, Colorado. Other names of the district and/or other historic names of places in the district are Happy Valley, Eldorado Camp, and 5BL758. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989. The listing included 55 contributing buildings and 12 non-contributing ones.</p><br>
<p>The district includes a "collection of late nineteenth and early twentieth-century Log and Rustic Tourist buildings located in the heart of Eldora, a small former mining town in western Boulder County, Colorado. The district consists primarily of dwellings constructed for its early mining population and later adapted for the vacationers who came on a seasonal basis. Additionally, the district contains several turn-of-the century vernacular Commercial Buildings from the mining era and a significant amount of open space, a distinctive component of the district&#39;s rural character."</p><br>
<p>A salient contributing building in the district is the Gold Miner Hotel, which is separately listed on the National Register.</p><br>
<p>The Lampert-Wildflower House is a home in the USA city of Belvidere, Boone County, Illinois. The main, upright, portion of the house was constructed in 1838 and the wing section was added to the home during the 1860s. It passed through the hands of several owners until it was purchased by Phillip C. Lampert who is responsible for the wildflower covered lawn. The property contains five types of rare plants and is semi-wooded, shaded by 32 trees. The home is a distinct example of Upright and Wing construction, though it retains some elements of the Greek Revival style it was originally designed in. The wing section of the house features a front porch decorated with Gothic Revival and Queen Anne style elements. The house was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places for its architectural significance in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original trio of property owners of the Lampert-Wildflower House site were, according to records, Aaron Whitney, Daniel H. Whitney and Dan Caswell. Seth S. Whitman, originally from Vermont, purchased the property in 1838 and constructed the house where he stayed until 1844. Whitman played an early, active role in the Belvidere community. He became the communitys first resident pastor when he was named Reverend of Belvideres first church, organized on July 24, 1836. He was also the first teacher at the citys first school in 1838, Newton Academy, located a few blocks from the Lampert-Wildflower House. By 1840, Whitman was named Belvideres first postmaster as well as Boone County&#39;s first circuit clerk and recorder. In October 1846, Whitman stepped down as Reverend at the local church because of ill-health. He left the Belvidere area in June 1851 for the Baptist Church in Madison, Wisconsin; Whitman died there on January 2, 1852.</p><br>
<p>From the years 1844 until 1853 the house was owned by several different individuals, including a Colonel Joel E. Walker. In 1853 the house was bought by Ezra May. May stayed in the home until 1886 and it was during his ownership that the house underwent the first of two significant alterations. During the 1860s May added the balloon framed wing section of the home; this section of the house rests upon a brick foundation. May was another prominent Belvidere citizen. May held office as "School Director," and "Town Trustee," and later owned a flour mill and served as president of a local bank. After 1886 the house was owned by a local educator, about whom little is known today, John Christian Zinzer. Zinzer owned the Lampert-Wildflower House until he sold it to a friend from Forreston, Illinois, Phillip C. Lampert on September 11, 1891.</p><br>
<p>During the Lamperts ownership of the house the Queen Anne detailing was added to the wing section of the house, probably before Phillip Lamperts 1899 death. Lampert was born in Forreston but had moved to Belvidere by 1866. In 1875 Lampert began to teach school in and by 1883 he had been admitted to the Illinois bar. In 1889, after working in a law office in Chicago for a year, Lampert returned to Belvidere to open his own law and abstract office. On April 15, 1891, he married Clara Pape in Madison, Wisconsin. The couple purchased the Lampert-Wildflower House about five months later. Clara Lampert (née Pape) was born and educated in Forreston and graduated high school in 1887, for a short time after that she taught school in Ogle County, Illinois. She began working in Lamperts abstract office in Belvidere a short time after teaching, the law office opened in 1889. After Phillip Lampert died on December 5, 1899, Clara and her daughter Muriel (born March 28, 1892) were left poor. Clara continued her husband&#39;s abstract business and on February 2, 1900, she was appointed Deputy Clerk of Boone County, Muriel joined her in that office in 1912.</p><br>
<p>The Lampert-Wildflower House remained in the Lampert family until long after Phillip Lamperts death. Clara Lampert died in 1962 and her daughter Muriel died in 1972. Muriel Lampert left the house to local historians Bessie and Emmett Sullivan; the house stood empty until Bessie Sullivans death in 1986. In 1986 two men from Grand Prairie, Illinois bought the house and ended up selling it in 1988 to Sherry and Gary Knott-Simon, who set about restoring the home while maintaining its historic character and integrity. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places for its local and architectural significance as a typical example of Upright and Wing style on August 12, 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The home is a detailed example of Upright and Wing construction, which is a type of non-stylistic, vernacular architecture. The Lampert-Wildflower House began as a front gabled, Greek Revival style home. In the 1860s, with the addition of the wing section the home was transformed from the Greek Revival style that was popular when it was originally constructed to the Upright and Wing style, though it still displays some Greek Revival elements including the cornice lines on its front gable. The wing section stretches out from the upright, gabled section of the home and is a two-room, one and half story extension to the original home. The porch which adorns the south elevation of the wing is features Carpenter Gothic detailing.</p><br>
<h2>Grounds</h2><br>
<p>The USA National Register of Historic Places listing for the Lampert-Wildflower House included the surrounding yard, which maintains its historical integrity. The Lamperts, as naturalists, kept the lawn as a haven for birds and wildflowers. Today, the yard maintains its historic appearance; the front and back yards are planted with wildflowers instead of grass and the whole site is semi-wooded. Most of the 32 trees on the less than 1 acre site are black walnut and maple. Several endangered plant species are found in the yard as well as prairie and woodland plants of other types.</p><br>
<p>According to Jerry Paulson, with the Natural Land Institute in Rockford, Illinois, there are five kinds of "rare" plants found in the Wildflower House yard. They are: Canadian violet, ginseng, prairie smoke, bellwort, and yellow violet. Other, common, types of plants found in the yard include, wild grape, purple coneflower, ginger, scilla, ferns, and jack-in-the-pulpit. In total, 36 different types of plants (not including the trees) have been identified on the Lampert-Wildflower lawn.</p><br>
<p>Barton Hall, also known as the Cunningham Plantation, is an antebellum plantation house near present-day Cherokee, Alabama, United States. Built in 1840, it is a stylistically rare example of Greek Revival architecture in Alabama, with elements from the late Federal period. The house was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1973 for its architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Barton Hall is located in a rural setting about 4.0 mi west of the town of Cherokee and 0.5 mi south of United States Route 72. It is set on 4 acre of land, accessed via an elliptical drive from Cedar Lane. The house is a -story wood-frame structure, with a clapboarded exterior, and a truncated hip roof topped by a belvedere. Single-story gable-roofed wings extend to the rear. The main facade is five bays wide, with a symmetrical arrangement of windows around the central entrance. The central bay is set off from the others by fluted pilasters, which also appear at the building corners. The entrance is sheltered by a deep porch supported by fluted Doric columns, and featuring Doric triglyphs in its cornice. The porch is topped by a balcony accessed via a second-story entrance stylistically similar to the main entrance below. The entrance is flanked by sidelight windows and topped by a transom window and eared architrave.</p><br>
<p>Period interior features include a unique stairway which ascends in a series of double flights and bridge-like landings to an observatory on the rooftop that offered views of the plantation.</p><br>
<p>In 1840, Armestead Barton, a native of Tennessee, moved to the area and purchased 40,000 acre, on which he began construction of this house. The house remained unfinished at the time of his death in 1847 and was completed two years later under his widow&#39;s supervision. The property was sold out of the Barton family in 1908. In 1967, a Barton descendant repurchased the house.</p><br>
<p>In November 2008, the noted photographer Charles Moore took his final documented images on this property. The home continues to be privately owned and occupied, and it is not open to the public.</p><br>
<p>The Palmer House is a historic hotel in Sauk Centre, Minnesota, United States. It was built in 1901 and expanded in 1916. The hotel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 for having local significance in the themes of commerce and social history. It was nominated for being an example of a once-common hotel type catering specifically to traveling salesmen.</p><br>
<p>Still in business as a hotel, restaurant, and pub, the Palmer House is a member of the Minnesota Hotel & Lodging Association and the National Restaurant Association.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Palmer House is a three-story brick building on the northwest corner of Sauk Centre&#39;s principal intersection. Round-arched windows and doors line the ground floor of the two street-facing elevations, accentuated by decorative brickwork. The arched windows that open into the lobby and restaurant contain stained glass imported from Vienna. The windows of the upper floor are rectangular. Light corbeling marks a belt course just below the second-floor windowsills and along the cornice. Bays of the upper floors are defined by brick pilasters.</p><br>
<p>The rear addition, built 15 years later, perfectly replicates the design of the original section. The roofline once had low parapets at the corners, but they have been removed.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Palmer House was built in 1901 by Ralph and Christena Palmer on the site of the Sauk Centre House, the citys first hotel, which had burned down on June 26, 1900. It was ideally situated in the heart of Sauk Centres business district and just over a block from the train station. The Palmer House was the first building in Sauk Centre to have electricity. The Palmers lived on the premises with their two children, and were assisted in running the establishment by Christena&#39;s mother and brother.</p><br>
<p>The Palmer House catered especially to traveling salesmen, arriving by rail, who found not only overnight lodging but meeting space and after-hours relaxation at the hotel. Local residents also used the hotel as a gathering place.</p><br>
<p>The young Sinclair Lewis worked two summers as a desk clerk at the Palmer House. He later used it as the model for the "Minniemashie House" in his 1920 novel Main Street, set in a town modeled in turn on Sauk Centre.</p><br>
<p>When it first opened, the Palmer House contained 24 guest rooms. In 1916 the hotel&#39;s second owners hired architect Roland C. Buckley of St. Cloud, Minnesota, to expand the building with a rear addition containing another 20 rooms. Guests originally shared a common lavatory off the hall.</p><br>
<p>The Palmer House was extensively remodeled in 1993. The interior was reconfigured to contain 19 guest rooms, each with its own bathroom.</p><br>
<h2>The supernatural</h2><br>
<p>The Palmer House held its first paranormal seminar January 18–20, 2008; attendees included television personalities Chris Fleming and Patrick Burns, Darkness on the Edge of Town radio host David Schrader, and other paranormal experts. The Palmer House is featured in the fourth episode of season 8 on Ghost Adventures, where they investigate the building with Dave Schrader. It was also featured in episode 4 of the ninth season of The Dead Files. In 2023, Chasing Paranormal featured the location in Season 1 of their series on The Spirit Realm Network.</p><br>
<p>The Mill Green Historic District is a National Register of Historic Places listed community located in Harford County, Maryland. The district consists of a small cluster of privately owned historic homes and buildings including a historic mill. The district is located at the junction of Mill Green Road and Prospect Road. Broad Creek flows through the district. The historic district designation was established in 1993.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Before the Revolutionary War, around 1770, William Ashmore built a house and mill in the area, which was inherited by his son John Ashmore in 1798. At that time, he owned 1,208 acres and five slaves. The area was initially known as Ashmores Mill. The mill generated wheat flour, which was generally sold in Baltimore. The mill led to the expansion of the area into a 100-acre village with a general store, post office, saw mill, a cider mill, and an undertaker. The businesses, generally combined within the owners residences, served Mill Green and area farmers. In 1801, a road was built that led to the county seat in Bel Air and north towards York County, Pennsylvania. John&#39;s daughter, Susanna married Nathan Bemis. The couple was deeded 1,600 acres in land by John and Margaret Ashmore in 1821. An arrangement was established between Nathan and Susanna Bemis and the Ashmores in which the Ashmores lived in the original stone house, received a $10,000 bond, and received enough meat, produce and other food for three people. They also had a horse and two cows.</p><br>
<p>Built in a distant and rural area, it became a self-sufficient community into the 19th century, with the establishment of a doctors home and office, purchase of vacant land by farmers, and settlement of additional skilled tradesmen. Nathan Bemis, replaced the original mill with a new 3 story mill in 1827. No longer needed, the sawmill closed about 1933. The millers house, the original house built by William Ashmore, was made a lodging. In the mid-20th century, a new road was built west of the village which led to Dublin and Darlington, Maryland and up to Susquehanna and Tidewater Canal at Havre de Grace. The post office was later moved to Street, Maryland.</p><br>
<p>The buildings in the district include the Mill Green Mill and Mill Race (ca. 1827), Miller&#39;s House (ca. 1770), William G. Roberts House (ca. 1866), Biles House / Mill Green Hotel (ca. 1852), Biles Tenant House (ca. 1852), Treakle House (ca. 1873), Robinson-Huff-Famous House (ca. mid 19th century), Huff / Famous Tenant House (ca. third quarter of the 19th century), Mill Green Store and Post Office (ca. 1850), and Dr. William E. Arthur House (ca. 1898).</p><br>
<h2>Prigg v. Pennsylvania</h2><br>
<p>John Ashmores widow, Margaret, and Natham Bemis became embroiled in what the Pennsylvania courts saw as a kidnapping and the Maryland courts saw as a lifetime enslavement of Margaret Morgan by John Ashmores heirs. The case was heard in county, state and ultimately the Supreme Court of the United States case Prigg v. Pennsylvania. Margaret Morgan may have been enslaved as a girl and young woman, but she and her parents were not included in the 1824 inventory of John Ashmore&#39;s property for the adjudicating the estate of Ashmore following his death in 1823.</p><br>
<p>The Joseph Priestley House was the American home of eighteenth-century British theologian, Dissenting clergyman, natural philosopher , educator, and political theorist Joseph Priestley  from 1798 until his death. Located in Northumberland, Pennsylvania, the house, which was designed by Priestley&#39;s wife Mary, is Georgian with Federalist accents. The Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission  operated it as a museum dedicated to Joseph Priestley from 1970 to August 2009, when it closed due to low visitation and budget cuts. The house reopened in October 2009, still owned by the PHMC but operated by the Friends of Joseph Priestley House .</p><br>
<p>Fleeing religious persecution and political turmoil in Britain, the Priestleys emigrated to the United States in 1794 seeking a peaceful life. Hoping to avoid the political troubles that had plagued them in Britain and the problems of urban life they saw in the United States, the Priestleys built a house in rural Pennsylvania. Nevertheless, political disputes and family troubles dogged Priestley during the last ten years of his life.</p><br>
<p>After the Priestleys died, their home remained in private hands until the turn of the twentieth century, when George Gilbert Pond, a professor from what is now Pennsylvania State University, bought it and attempted to found the first Priestley museum. He died before he could complete the project and it was not until the 1960s that the house was first carefully restored by the PHMC and designated a National Historic Landmark.</p><br>
<p>A second renovation was undertaken in the 1990s to return the home to the way it looked during Priestleys time. The home has been a frequent place of celebration for the American Chemical Society; they commemorated the centennial and bicentennial of the discovery of oxygen gas by Priestley as well as the 250th anniversary of Priestleys birth.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Following the French and Indian War (1755–63) and the forced migration of Native American tribes westward, German, Scots-Irish, and other European immigrants settled in the central Susquehanna Valley, including in the area that would become Northumberland, Pennsylvania. Northumberland was laid out around a central village green in 1772, on land originally purchased from the Iroquois by the Province of Pennsylvania in 1768, as part of the first Treaty of Fort Stanwix.</p><br>
<p>During the American Revolution, the village was evacuated as part of the Big Runaway in 1778, and only finally resettled in 1784. In 1794, when the Priestleys moved there, it included Quaker and Wesleyan meeting houses, a brewery, two potteries, a potash manufacturer, a clock maker, a printer (who issued a weekly newspaper), several stores, and approximately one hundred houses.</p><br>
<p>The Priestley property, which was purchased in 1794 at a total cost of £500 (£ in ) from Reuben Haines, who had secured the patent to the land for Northumberland, comprised four lots of the original village plan (numbers 29–32). Currently, the house and grounds occupy 1 acre (4,000 m) at 472 Priestley Avenue. (The address of the house was originally "North Way", but the street was later renamed in honor of Joseph Priestley.) This street forms the northwest boundary of the property; the other boundaries are Hanover Avenue to the northeast, Wallis Street to the southwest, and the North Shore Railroad to the southeast.</p><br>
<p>A baseball field is located beyond the railroad line; beyond that lies the Susquehanna River, which was the original southeastern boundary of the property. The confluence of the West Branch Susquehanna River with the main (or North) branch of the Susquehanna is a short distance southwest of the property, which is at an elevation of 456 feet (139 m).</p><br>
<p>The propertys original area was 2 acres (8,000 m), but this was reduced by about half around 1830 when the Pennsylvania Canal (North Branch Division) was dug through the houses front yard, between the house and river. On May 31, 1860, the Lackawanna and Bloomsburg Railroad opened with a train from Danville. This was the second railroad track in Northumberland, and ran behind the house.</p><br>
<p>The canal closed in 1902 and was later filled in. The modern railroad line approximates the canal&#39;s course through the front yard; the track behind the house no longer exists.</p><br>
<h2>Priestleys in America</h2><br>
<h3>Emigration to Northumberland</h3><br>
<p>The last three years the Priestleys spent in Britain were a time of political upheaval. During the Birmingham Riots of 1791, which began on the second anniversary of the storming of the Bastille in the wake of the conservative British reaction against the French Revolution, the Priestleys home, Josephs church, and the homes of many other religious Dissenters were burned. The Priestleys fled Birmingham and attempted to live in London, but could not escape the political turmoil.</p><br>
<p>In 1794, they joined the tide of 10,000 emigrants who moved to America during the largest emigration from Europe to America until the end of the Napoleonic Wars. The Priestleys left Britain at the beginning of April on the Samson, and arrived in New York City on June 4, 1794.</p><br>
<p>Two of their three sons, Joseph, Jr. (eldest) and Harry (youngest), had already emigrated to the United States in August 1793, along with Joseph Priestley&#39;s friend, the radical activist Thomas Cooper. Their middle son, William, had moved to America from France, probably early in 1793, following the September massacres of the previous year.</p><br>
<p>Although Europeans knew Priestley best as a scientist (he had published his paper on the discovery oxygen gas in 1774), Americans knew him best as a defender of religious freedom and as an advocate for American independence. Immediately upon his arrival, he was fêted by various political factions vying to gain his support. Priestley declined their entreaties, however, hoping to avoid the political discord that had embroiled him in Britain. He wrote to John Adams that he "made it a rule to take no part whatever in the politics of a country in which I am a stranger, and in which I only wish to live undisturbed". (Priestley never became a citizen of the United States.) He also turned down an opportunity to teach chemistry at the University of Pennsylvania at this time.</p><br>
<p>On their way to Northumberland, the Priestleys stopped in Philadelphia, where Joseph delivered a series of sermons that helped promote the spread of Unitarianism. According to J. D. Bowers, who studied Priestleys influence on Unitarianism in America, "or a decade Priestley served as the inspiration and leading force in the spread of Unitarianism in America and the formation of numerous societies that followed his teachings on congregational formation, the education of youth, lay preaching, and espousing ones faith in the presence of opposition from (and to) both the Protestant majority and a competing liberal faction." Through Priestleys influence, at least twelve congregations were founded in Maine, Massachusetts, New York, Vermont, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Kentucky, including the First Unitarian Church of Philadelphia and Northumberlands Unitarian Universalist Congregation of the Susquehanna Valley.</p><br>
<p>When he preached, Unitarians and non-Unitarians flocked to hear him and his sermons were published throughout the country. During his years in America, Priestley became increasingly convinced that the Millennium was approaching. His close study of the Bible, together with the happenings in France, persuaded him that he would see Christ&#39;s return.</p><br>
<p>While Priestley enjoyed preaching in Philadelphia, he could not afford the expense of living there; he also disliked the city&#39;s Quakers, who he believed were too opulent, and feared the yellow fever epidemic that had recently decimated the city.</p><br>
<p>He considered settling in Germantown, which had better access to transportation and communication than Northumberland, but his wife preferred the country and wanted to be near her sons. Priestly then debated about splitting his time between Northumberland and Philadelphia, but soon realized this plan was impractical. Determined to ensure the future economic stability of his family, he bought land and settled in Northumberland by July 1794, which was "five days of rough travel" north of Philadelphia. They both hoped that, in time, their new community would grow.</p><br>
<h3>Settling in</h3><br>
<p>Priestley yearned for a more cosmopolitan community than Northumberland provided, writing to his sister that it was "seemingly almost out of the world" and complaining that he had to wait a week for news. He wrote to his friend John Vaughan: "We know but little more than we did when we left you of European affairs."</p><br>
<p>During the winter of 1794-1795, Priestley wrote to friends that his situation was very "distant from my original views" and "my time here is far from passing so agreeably as it did in England", yet he was "very thankful for such an asylum" and he attempted "to make the best of my situation". In his letters to friends back in Britain, Priestley consistently referred to himself as an exile and to England as his real home.</p><br>
<p>His wife was happier with the couple&#39;s situation and wrote to William Vaughan: "I am happy and thankful to meet with so sweet a situation and so peaceful a retreat as the place I now write from. Dr. Priestley also likes it and of his own choice intends to settle here, which is more than I hoped for at the time we came up...This country is very delightful, the prospects of wood and water more beautiful than I have ever seen before and the people plain and decent in their manners."</p><br>
<p>Priestleys son, Joseph Priestley Jr., was a leading member of a consortium that purchased 300,000 acre of land along Loyalsock Creek (between the North and West Branches of the Susquehanna River). Shortly thereafter, Thomas Cooper, a friend of Joseph Priestleys, published a pamphlet in Britain titled Some Information Respecting America, meant to encourage others to settle in Pennsylvania and offering instructions on how to do so. It detailed a clear plan for establishing and financing a settlement. The French translation, Renseignemens sur lAmérique, was, according to one scholar, "carefully phrased in legal terminology" and "lucidly outline an ambitious financial venture". However, it is unclear whether Coopers scheme was related to the lands that the younger Priestleys had purchased.</p><br>
<p>Apparently technically unrelated to either of these schemes, but influenced by Coopers, poets Samuel Taylor Coleridge and William Wordsworth, full of idealism and angered at Priestleys treatment in Birmingham, intended to emigrate to America and establish a utopian community which they called "Pantisocracy" (derived from the Greek for "equal rule of all"). They assembled twelve couples who were interested not only in demanding physical labor but also in a life of the mind, but none of them had enough money to embark on the project, which required much capital. Therefore, the poets undertook a lecture tour of England to raise funds; however, they never generated enough money and never emigrated. The utopia was not built and few immigrants arrived in Northumberland as a result of Cooper&#39;s schemes.</p><br>
<p>After the failure of Cooper&#39;s endeavor, Priestley attempted to convince other friends to move to Northumberland, particularly those he had made in America, but to no avail. Priestley wrote in his Memoirs that "the settlement was given up, but being here, and my wife and myself liking the place, I have determined to take up my residence here, though subject to many disadvantages. Philadelphia was excessively expensive, and this a comparatively cheap place; and my sons, settling in the neighborhood, will be less exposed to temptation, and more likely to form habits of sobriety and industry."</p><br>
<h3>Last years</h3><br>
<p>Priestley&#39;s attempts to avoid political controversy in the United States failed. In 1794, the journalist William Cobbett published Observations on the Emigration of Dr. Joseph Priestley, which falsely accused Priestley of stirring up rebellion in Britain, and attempted to undermine his scientific credibility. His political fortunes took an even worse turn when Cobbett obtained a set of letters sent to Priestley by the radical printer John Hurford Stone and the liberal novelist Helen Maria Williams. Cobbett published the letters in his newspaper, asserting that Priestley and his friends were fomenting a revolution. Priestley was eventually forced to defend himself in print.</p><br>
<p>Family matters also made Priestleys time in America difficult. His youngest son Harry died on December 11, 1795, probably of malaria. Mary Priestley died on September 17, 1796; she was already ill and never fully recovered after the shock of her sons death. On September 19 of that year Joseph wrote: "This day I bury my wife....she had taken much thought in planning the new house and now that it is far advanced and promises to be everything she wished, she is removed to another." After dinner on Monday 14 April 1800, various members of Priestleys household fell ill, with symptoms of food poisoning, which prompted the Reading Advertiser to falsely accuse Priestleys son William, of trying to poison them with arsenic.</p><br>
<p>Priestley continued the educational projects that had been important to him throughout his life, helping to establish a "Northumberland Academy" and donating his library to the fledgling institution. He exchanged letters regarding the proper structure of a university with Thomas Jefferson, who used the advice when founding the University of Virginia. Jefferson and Priestley became close and when he had completed his General History of the Christian Church, he dedicated it to President Jefferson, writing that "it is now only that I can say I see nothing to fear from the hand of power, the government under which I live being for the first time truly favourable to me." Of all of the religious works Priestley published in the United States, and there were many, it was his four-volume General History that was the most important. Stretching from 475 CE to Priestley&#39;s present, he tracked and explained what he saw as the history of Christianity and its "corruptions", referencing his own An History of the Corruptions of Christianity (1772–74). However, he ended it by praising American religious toleration.</p><br>
<p>Priestley attempted to continue his scientific investigations in America with the support of the American Philosophical Association. However, he was hampered by lack of news from Europe; unaware of the latest scientific developments, Priestley was no longer on the forefront of discovery. Although the majority of his publications focused on defending the outmoded phlogiston theory against the "new chemistry", he also did some original work on spontaneous generation and dreams. As Robert Schofield, Priestley&#39;s major modern biographer, explains:</p><br>
<p>Priestley published more scientific items during his decade in the United States than during all his years in England: some 45 papers, not counting reprintings, and four pamphlets, not counting subsequent editions, but in general his science was now anticlimactic. Few of his papers contributed anything significantly new to the field of chemistry; most were committed to combatting the new chemistry.</p><br>
<p>Despite Priestley&#39;s reduced scientific importance, he stimulated an interest in chemistry in America.</p><br>
<p>By 1801, Priestley had become so ill that he could no longer write or experiment effectively. On February 3, 1804, Joseph started a last experiment in his lab but was too weak to continue it. He went to a bed in his library, where he died three days later. Priestley&#39;s epitaph reads:</p><br>
<h2>Architecture and landscaping</h2><br>
<p>Joseph and Mary lived with their son Joseph, Jr. and his family in a small house while theirs was being built. By 1797, Josephs laboratory was completed—the first part of the home to be finished. It was the first laboratory that "he had designed, built, and outfitted entirely himself" and was probably the first "scientifically-equipped laboratory" in the United States. Joseph continued his scientific and scholarly work in his new laboratory, identifying carbon monoxide (which he called "heavy inflammable air"). In 1798 Joseph Jr., his wife, and their children moved into the new house with Joseph Priestley. The house also held Priestleys library, which contained about 1600 volumes by his death in 1804 and was one of the largest in America at the time. The Priestley family held Unitarian church services in the drawing room and Joseph educated a group of young men until the local Northumberland Academy that he helped found was completed.</p><br>
<p>The house proper was completed in 1798, with a Mr. Jones of Northumberland employed acting as master carpenter. Built in an 18th-century Georgian style, the "balance and symmetry" of the architecture signaled "subdued elegance". The house was accented with Federalist highlights, such as "the fanlights over the doors and the balustrades on the rooftop belvedere and main staircase", marking it as distinctly American. Douglas R. McMinn, in the National Register of Historic Places nomination for the Northumberland Historic District, calls it a "mansion" that is "probably the finest example of the Federal style in the region". As William N. Richardson, the site administrator for the Joseph Priestley House in the 1990s, notes, Priestley&#39;s American home did not resemble his "high-style Georgian town house" that was destroyed in Birmingham; rather, it was "plain" and built in the "American vernacular".</p><br>
<p>The house has a two-and-half story central section, which is 48 feet (14.6 m) by 43 feet (13.1 m), and two one-story wings on the north and south sides that are each 22 feet (6.7 m) by 21 feet (6.4 m). The first and second floors have a total area of 5,052 square feet (469 m). The north wing was the laboratory and the south wing (which had an attached woodshed) was the summer kitchen. The cellar, first, and second floors of the central section are each divided into four rooms, with a central hall on the first and second floors; the first floor also has an intersecting hall that leads to the laboratory. The attic has three rooms for servants and a larger room for storage. A paint analysis done in 1994 revealed that the house had no wall paper initially and that the walls and woodwork were painted "a brilliant white".</p><br>
<p>The house is a frame structure, covered with white wooden clapboards, anchored to a stone foundation. The Priestleys built their home out of wood, dried in trenches on the site, The central section of the house has a slate gable roof with a railing-enclosed deck. The house has "three internal gable end chimneys, one for the main kitchen", and one each at the north and south ends of the central section.</p><br>
<p>The house faces the Susquehanna River, and both the front and rear doors are "sheltered by a shallow portico". A circular carriage drive (originally gravel, now concrete) leads to the front door, which also has a fanlight. There are five windows on the second floor on both the front and rear sides of the house, with a dentil cornice above both sets of windows. The external details on the house also include a "frieze board with triglyphs".</p><br>
<p>Originally, delightful panoramic views were visible from the home. It was built facing the Susquehanna River so that visitors arriving by boat could be welcomed by the family and because conventional 18th-century aesthetic theory held that countryscapes were more beautiful than townscapes. Priestley built a high wall blocking the view of Northumberland and added a belvedere to the top of his house to more easily survey the landscape. His plantings were "a much scaled-down version of the beautiful gardens" at Bowood, the estate of his former employer Lord Shelburne.</p><br>
<p>The lack of skilled craftspeople in Northumberland made the construction of the house difficult. For example, Richardson speculates that the main staircase was assembled from a kit. It is one step too short for the Northumberland hallway, but no extra step was added to finish off the symmetry of the stairwell, suggesting a dearth of skilled labor.</p><br>
<h2>Ownership and museum</h2><br>
<p>After the deaths of Mary and Joseph Priestley, Joseph Priestley, Jr. and his wife, Elizabeth Ryland, continued to live in the house until 1811, at which time they emigrated to Britain and sold the home. The house passed through various hands during the 19th century. Judge Seth Chapman purchased the house from Joseph Priestley Jr. on May 13, 1815, for US$6,250 ($ in ). Chapman died on December 4, 1835, and Rev. James Kay, pastor of the Northumberland Unitarian congregation, and his family lived in the house next. James Kay died on September 22, 1847, and his widow probably lived in the house until her October 2, 1850 death. Charles H. Kay, son of James, had purchased the house in 1845, a few years before his parents deaths. In April 1865 Charles Kays children sold the house to Henry R. Campbell for $2,775 ($ in ). Florence Bingham purchased the house from Campbell for $5,679.53 on January 18, 1868 ($ in ), and Bingham&#39;s heirs sold it to T. Hugh Johnson for $2,000 on October 7, 1882 ($ in ). Kate Scott bought the house for $3,000 on April 11, 1888 ($ in ). In 1911 the last private resident moved out of the house, and it was sublet to the Pennsylvania Railroad for its workers (a large railroad yard was built in Northumberland at this time). This led to a general decline in the house and its grounds.</p><br>
<p>Professor George Gilbert Pond was the first person to make a significant effort to establish a permanent Priestley museum at the Priestley House. After raising sufficient funds, he managed to purchase the home at auction for $6,000 from Scotts heirs on November 24, 1919 ($ in ). Pond believed that construction of a new railroad line would destroy the house, and so intended to move it to Pennsylvania State College (now Pennsylvania State University). However, he died on May 20, 1920, before this plan could be enacted; the planned rail line was never built and the house proved too fragile to move. The college established a memorial fund in Ponds honor and retained the house as a museum, although Ponds children did not formally transfer the house to the college until April 14, 1932. Some restoration of the house was done in the 1920s, and a small, brick building—intended as a fireproof museum for Priestleys books and scientific apparatus—was built on the grounds and dedicated to Pond&#39;s memory in 1926. In 1941 the state legislature tried to have the State Historical Commission administer the house as a museum, but Governor Arthur James vetoed the plan for lack of funding.</p><br>
<p>On December 14, 1955, the college donated the house to the borough of Northumberland. From 1955 to 1959 the house served as both the borough hall for Northumberland and as a museum. Eventually, in 1968 the Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission (PHMC) began restoring it and in October 1970 the museum was opened to the public. The renovations included a restoration of the laboratory, a removal of ornamentation added in the Victorian era, a return of doorways to their original locations, and a return of the shutters "to their original locations inside the windows". The PHMC was supported by "The Friends of the Joseph Priestley House" (FJPH), who help with the visitor center, tours, special events, and outreach, as well as with clerical and museum work.</p><br>
<p>Between 1998 and 1999 a renovation that was "one of the most extensive changes in the homesteads history" set out to "restore the grounds around the house to exactly the way it was when Priestley lived" there. This involved reconstructing exact replicas of the original carriage barn, hog sties, horse stalls, gardens, fences, and even the privy. These structures were based on T. Lambournes drawings of the house and grounds that had been discovered in 1983, other records, and excavations. Priestley left no written description of his laboratory, but much is known of his experiments and late-18th-century laboratories. Extensive research on the laboratory within the house was completed in 1996, including excavations that revealed two underground ovens, as well as evidence of a primitive fume hood. The 1998 renovations also included work to restore the laboratory to a condition as close to its original state as possible.</p><br>
<p>After Josephs death, Thomas Cooper sold a collection of some of his friends apparatus and other personal belongings to Dickinson College in Carlisle, which exhibits it each year when presenting the schools Priestley Award to a scientist who makes "discoveries which contribute to the welfare of mankind". The house lost its original furnishings when Joseph Jr. and his family moved back to England. Since it is not known what was originally in the home, it is furnished and decorated with artifacts donated by descendants of the Priestleys and with ones similar to those listed in Priestleys testament of what was lost in the fire at his Birmingham home. A number of items that belonged to Joseph and Mary during their lives both in Britain and America are on display throughout the house, including Josephs balance scales and microscope. Portraits, prints, maps, charts, and books have been carefully selected to replicate the Priestleys holdings. A bedroom on the second floor is dedicated to an exploration of the life of an 18th-century woman.</p><br>
<p>On January 12, 1965, the Joseph Priestley House was designated a National Historic Landmark and it was added to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) on October 15, 1966. On August 1, 1994, the American Chemical Society named it the second National Historic Chemical Landmark; the dedication ceremony was attended by 75 Priestley descendants. In 1988, the Northumberland Historic District, including the Priestley House (which it describes as a "gem" and one of the finest Federal style buildings in central Pennsylvania), was listed on the NRHP. The district includes one other building already on the NRHP: the Priestley-Forsyth Memorial Library, which was built as an inn around 1820 and was owned by a great-grandson of the Priestleys in the 1880s. Today it serves as Northumberland&#39;s public library. The Joseph Priestley Memorial Chapel, which is a contributing structure in the historic district, was built in 1834 by his grandson, and is home to a Unitarian Universalist congregation that considers Priestley its founder.</p><br>
<p>Under the PHMC, the museum was open ten months a year, closing between early January and early March. In 2007 and 2008 the number of visitors held steady after recent declines. According to the PHMC, in fiscal 2007–08 "total visitation... was 1,705 with a paid visitation of 1,100 generating $4,125 in program revenue and 2,406 recreational and non-ticketed visitors". The fiscal 2006–07 operations budget for the house and its two full-time staff was $142,901, with $6,900 (five percent) coming from FJPH and the rest from the state of Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>On March 4, 2009, the PHMC released a report examining its 22 museums and historic sites and recommended discontinuing operations at six, including the Joseph Priestley House. The proposed closure of the Priestley House was based on "low visitation and limited potential for growth". Despite public meetings, protest letters, and a general "public outcry" against closure, on August 14, 2009, the state closed the Priestley House and three other PHMC museums indefinitely due to a lack of funding as part of an ongoing budget crisis. The sole remaining state employee at Priestley House was furloughed. That month the Friends of the Joseph Priestley House submitted a plan to the PHMC to operate the house on weekends from May to October with staffing provided by volunteers. The plan depended both on acquiring insurance for the volunteers, the house, and its contents, and on the state passing a budget.</p><br>
<p>On September 24, 2009, the PHMC and officers of the FJPH signed an agreement to reopen the museum on Saturday and Sunday afternoons. The house reopened on October 3, with volunteer staffing from the FJPH. The agreement can be renewed annually and lets FJPH "schedule programs, set fees and be in charge of all the business aspects of running the site". On November 1, there was a "grand reopening celebration" at the house with a dozen costumed volunteer guides and chemical demonstrations in Priestleys laboratory. On November 7, 2010, the brick Pond building was rededicated after an $85,000 renovation, as part of the museums annual "Fall Heritage Day". The restoration, which had been planned for years, was paid for by private donors and included "handicapped accessibility, new roofing, heating and air-conditioning and new interior walls, ceilings and lighting". The FJPH plan to install a timeline of Priestley&#39;s scientific work and times in the Pond building, as well as a video about his laboratory techniques and impact today.</p><br>
<h3>American Chemical Society</h3><br>
<p>The American Chemical Society (ACS) has used the Joseph Priestley House as a place to mark special celebrations. On July 31 and August 1, 1874, "seventy-seven chemists made a pilgrimage to the site to celebrate the centennial of chemistry". The date was chosen to mark the hundredth anniversary of Priestleys experiment producing oxygen by heating mercuric oxide with a magnifying lens and sunlight. These chemists came from 15 US states and the District of Columbia, Canada, and England, and their meeting at the house and a local school "is now recognized as the first National Chemistry Congress, and many ACS historians believe it led to ACSs formation two years later on April 6, 1876". On September 5, 1926, about 500 ACS members met again at the home to dedicate the small brick museum and to celebrate the meeting 50 years earlier (two survivors of that first meeting were present).</p><br>
<p>Representatives of the ACS were present at the October 1970 dedication of the house as a museum. On April 25, 1974, around 400 chemists from the ACS Middle Atlantic Regional Meeting in Scranton came to visit the home. The Priestley Medal, the highest and oldest honor awarded by the ACS, was awarded to Paul Flory at the house that day. (A replica of the Priestley Medal is on display at the house.) On August 1, 1974—what has been labeled the bicentennial of the discovery of oxygen—over 500 chemists attending the third Biennial Conference on Chemical Education at State College traveled to the house to celebrate "Oxygen Day". In October 1976, the ACS celebrated its own centennial with a celebration in Northumberland. A 100-plus piece replica of Priestleys laboratory equipment, made by universities, corporations, and the Smithsonian Institution, was presented to the house for display. On April 13, 1983, ACS President Fred Basolo spoke at the house to celebrate Priestleys 250th birthday and as part of a first day of issue ceremony for the United States Postal Services Joseph Priestley commemorative stamp. In 2001 the ACS again met at the house to celebrate the 125th anniversary of the society, and reenacted parts of the 1874 and 1926 celebrations, including a march to Priestleys grave, at which each participant left a red rose.</p><br>
<p>The Century Building, designed by Raeder, Coffin, and Crocker and completed in 1896, was a 10-story Classical Revival historic building in downtown St. Louis, Missouri that was used for offices, retail, and a 1600-seat theatre. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 16, 2002.</p><br>
<p>In 1999, St. Louis planners and historic preservationists working as an advisory committee released their Downtown Plan, which called for the preservation and adaptive reuse of the Century Building. The Slay administration rejected the recommendations of the committee, and announced that a development team had been chosen (DESCO and DFC, Inc) to renovate the nearby historic Old Post Office (OPO) and to demolish the Century Building in order to build a parking deck to service the OPO. City officials made the argument that tenants for the renovated OPO building demanded parking within view of their new offices.</p><br>
<p>St. Louis preservationists next line of defense was the National Trust for Historic Preservation (NTHP). Contacted in 2001, NTHP was initially supportive of preservation efforts for the building. Midwest Trust Director Royce Yeater recommended that an alternative site be chosen for the proposed parking deck, noting that there were "10 underused parking facilities in the 10 blocks surrounding the OPO."</p><br>
<p>In 2004, the NTHP changed its stance concerning the project. The NTHP would now provide $6.9 million in gap financing in the form of tax credits for the OPO renovations and parking deck. NTHP refused to stop the demolition of the Century Building, and was now supporting the very project that preservationists were desperately trying to stop.</p><br>
<p>Preservationists around the country signed an on-line petition in a concerted effort to save the Century Building. Richard Moe, president of the NTHP, defended his organization&#39;s actions by stating that the demolition of the Century Building was key to revitalizing the area around the OPO.</p><br>
<p>The Landmarks Association filed a final lawsuit on October 19, 2004 requesting a temporary restraining order to halt demolition. Their request was ultimately denied, and demolition of the building commenced shortly thereafter.</p><br>
<p>Many historic preservationists call the loss of the Century Building a major sacrifice for Downtown St. Louis. Some have also said the NTHP drifted from its primary mission of historic preservation by supporting the developers of the OPO project. Other professionals take the side that certain sacrifices need to be made in order to improve neighborhoods as whole, and the Century Building was one of these sacrifices. It is generally agreed, however, that the Century Building was an important part of St. Louis&#39; architectural history, and could have been transformed into an asset for Downtown St. Louis had the building been saved.</p><br>
<p>Beams and parts of its facade were recovered by the National Building Arts Center. Theyre currently stored at the foundations Sauget foundry.</p><br>
<p>The Old Bank of Louisville, also known historically as the Southern National Bank building, is a historic commercial building at 316 West Main Street in downtown Louisville, Kentucky. Completed in 1837, it was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1971 for its exceptionally fine Greek Revival architecture. It currently serves as the lobby for the adjacent Actors Theatre of Louisville.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Old Bank of Louisville is located in downtown Louisville, on the south side of West Main Street between 3rd and 4th Streets. Occupying a relatively narrow lot, its facade consists of a pair of fluted stone columns topped by Ionic capitals and set in antis beneath an entablature and iron crested parapet. The flanking antae are, like the columns, fashioned from limestone, but with a battered finish. Behind the columns is a three-bay facade, with tall multipane windows flanking and rising above the center entrance. The interior retains some original finishes, notably including Ionic columns and a domed ceiling.</p><br>
<p>The building was probably completed in 1837, for the Bank of Louisville, which had been chartered in 1832. It was probably designed by James Dakin, an architect who had worked with Minard Lafever, including the preparation of drawings for Lafevers The Beauties of Modern Architecture, published in 1835. Several of the buildings features appear to be derived from plates found in that book. Gideon Shryock, who was long thought to be its designer, apparently served as its construction superintendent.</p><br>
<p>After serving for many years as a bank, the building was converted in the 1970s to serve as a lobby space for the adjacent theater.</p><br>
